CBSE Board 12th History Exam 2024 : Chapterwise Most Important Question with Answers

Get ready for the CBSE Class 12th History Exam 2024 with this comprehensive guide featuring chapterwise most important questions and answers. Scheduled for 28 March 2024, this resource is crafted by history subject experts to aid students in effective exam preparation. Covering key topics from each chapter, these questions offer a targeted approach to revision, ensuring thorough understanding of historical concepts. Whether it's ancient civilizations, medieval empires, or modern revolutions, this article equips students with essential knowledge and boosts their confidence for the exam. Prepare strategically and excel in the CBSE Board 12th History Exam with this invaluable resource.

Chapter - Bricks, Beads, and Bones

1. Who was Cunningham?

Ans. Cunningham was the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India who began archaeological excavation in the mid-nineteenth century.

2. Where the entire settlement was fortified ?

Ans. Lothal, Dholavira (In Gujarat)

3. What were the distinctive objects of Harappa civilisation?

Ans. seals, beads, backed bricks, stone blades, weights

4. Where was the water reservoir in Harappan civilisation?

Ans. Dholavira (Gujarat)

5. For which things were Nageshwar and Balakot specialised ?

Ans. Nageshwar (Gujarat) and Balakot (Pakistan) , both settlements were near the coast,famous for making shell objects including bangles, ladles and inclay. These objects were taken to other settlements also.

Chapter - Kings, Farmers and Towns

1. What do you mean by’ Numismatics ?

Ans. Numismatics is the study of coins, including visual elements such as scripts and images, metallurgical analysis and the contexts in which they have been found.

2. Give a brief description of Megasthenese. What does Megasthenese tell about the administration of Mauryan Empire ?

Ans. Megasthenese was a Greek historian who came to India in the fourth century BC as an ambassador of Seleucus Nictor. He lived in the court of Chandragupta Mauryan for about five years.

Megasthenese has written detail about Chandragupta Mauryan’s administration, as well as Indian society in the Mauryan period. Megasthenese mentioned a committee with six sub-committees for military coordination activity. These were:

a. One looked after the army

b. Second managed the transport and provisions

c. Third was responsible for foot soldiers

d. Fourth for horses

e. Fifth for chariots

f. Sixth for elephants

3. What are the sources used by historians to reconstruct Mauryan history ?

Ans. The sources used by historians reconstruct the Mauryan history:

a. Archaeological finds , especially sculptures

b. Account pf Megasthenese

c. Arthashastra, parts of which were probably composed by kautilya or chanakya.

d. Buddhist, Jaina and Puranic literature asa well as in Sanskrit literary works.

e. The inscriptions of Ashoka inscription on rocks and pillars.

4. Who was the first ruler who inscribed his messages to his people on stone ? What are the principles of Dhamma ?

Ans. Asoka was the first ruler who inscribed his messages to his people on stone. He used the inscriptions to proclaim his principles of Dhamma. This included:

a. Respect to elders

b. Generosity towards Brahmanas and other sects

c. Kindness to slaves and servants

d. Religious tolerance towards other religions

5. Examine the contribution of James Prinshep in the study of Indian history.

Ans. One of the most momentous development in the study of Indian history was the development of epigraphy during 1830s.

a. James prinshep , an officer in the mint of the East Indian Company, deciphered Brahmi and kharosthi, two scripts used in the inscription and Coins.

b. He found that most of these mentioned a king referred to as Priyadassi- meaning “pleasant to behold”, there are few inscription which also referred to the kings as

Ashoka one of the most famous rulers known from Buddhist texts.

c. This gave a new direction to investigations into early Indian political history as European and Indian scholars used inscription and texts composed in a variety of

languages to reconstruct the lineages of major dynasties that had rules the subcontinent.

Chapter - Kinship, Caste and Class

1. The Mahabharata was composed in which period ?

Ans. Between 500 BCE to 500 CE.

2. What is Patriliny ?

Ans. The system in accession passes to the sons from father.

3. State any three elements that historians considered while analysing the Mahabharata.

Ans. By studying the content.

By comparing the content with other sources.

Studying the social condition mentioned in Mahabharata by comparing with other literal sources.

By studying narrative and didactic content of Mahabharata.

4. What were three strategies adopted by the Brahmins for enforcing social norms ?

Ans. By claiming that varna system was divine in nature.

By enforcing the rulers to implement the rules.

They attempted to persuade the people that their status was determined by birth.

5. How new Jatis were grouped in ancient India ?

Ans. Those social groups who performed some specific tasks were grouped in to a new caste.

Caste was now based on the birth.

People belongin to a particular caste had to perform the duty which was assigned to that caste.

The people of a particular caste could migrate in new area.

E.g. the evidence of mandasore inscription.

Chapter - Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings

1. What do you mean by “Dharma Chakra Pravartana” ?

Ans. Dharma Chakra Pravartana means ‘sitting in motion the wheel of Dharma’. The first religious discourse or sermon delivered by Mahatma Buddha after attaining enlightenment at Mrigdav or Deer Park of Sarnath near Varanasi, is known as ‘Maha chakra Pravartana’.

2. Mention the teachings of Mahatma Buddha ?

Ans. According to Buddhist philosophy the world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing it is also soulless (anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it.

Within this transient world, sorrow is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self -indulgence that human beings can rise above these worldly troubles. The Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. According to Buddhist tradition, his last words to his followers were: “Be lamps unto yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation”.

3. How was Buddha’s presence shown through symbols ? Give two examples.

Ans. Examples to show Buddha’s presence shown through symbols are:

1. The empty seat indicated the meditation of the Buddha.

2. The stupas represented the mahaparinibbana of the Buddha

4. Name the two types of sources through which we come to know about Buddha and his teachings.

Ans. Two sources through which we come to know about Buddha and his teachings are as follows:

1. Various Buddhist texts like Tripitakas or three baskets and the Jataka stories.

2. Various pillar inscriptions and rock edicts.

5. “The mid first millennium BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in the world history.” Justify.

Ans. The mid first millennium BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in world history because of the following facts:

1. Emergence of Thinkers: It saw the emergence of thinkers such as Zarathustra in Iran, Kong Zi in China, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in Greece and Mahavira

and Gautam Buddha among others in India.

2. Understanding of the Mysteries of Existence: Thinkers tried to understand the mysteries of existence and the relationship between human beings and the

cosmic order.

3. Development of New Kingdoms and Cities: It was the time when new kingdoms and cities were developing.

4. Change in Social and Economic Life: Social and economic life were changing in a variety of ways, e.g. in the Ganga valley growth of town, new crafts and

trade took place.

5. New Agricultural Technology: There was extension of agriculture due to occupation of new lands, application of new techniques and use of iron tools.

Chapter - Bhakti and Sufi Traditions

1. Who were Alvars and Nayanars ? Identify the relationship of the Alvars and Nayanars with the State during 8th to 18th century.

Ans. The saints of south India who were the devotees of lord Vishnu were called Alvars while the saints of south India who were the devotees of lord Shiva were called Nayanars. Both travel from place to place and singing hymns in praise their gods.

2. Name and explain the two broad categories of Bhakti traditions as classified by the historians.

Ans.

Saguana Bhakti :- The worship of specific deities such as Shiva, Vishnu and his avtars and forms of goddess or Devi.

Nirguna Bhakti :- The worship of an abstract form of god.

3. Describe the major teachings of Baba Guru Nanak and the way they have been transmitted.

Ans.

(1) His teachings are well reflected in his hymns. These hymns suggest that he advocated a form of nirguna bhakti.

(2) He rejected sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship and the scriptures of Hindus and Muslims.

(3) According to him, the Absolute or ‘rab’ had no gender or form.

(4) He expressed his ideas through hymns called “shabad” in Punjabi, the language of the region and sang with different ragas.

(5) He organized his followers into a community. He appointed one of his disciples, Angad, to succeed him as the preceptor (guru).

(6) After his death, his followers consolidated their own practices to form a distinct community.

(7) The fifth guru, Guru Arjun compiled Guru Nanak”s hymns. along with Baba Farid, Ravidas and Kabir in the Adi Granth Sahib. These hymns called “gurbani” are composed in various languages.

4. Write the role of Mirabai as a women poet within bhakti tradition.

Ans.

(1) Mirabai was the best known woman poet within the bhakti tradition.

(2) She was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar. She was married to a prince of the Sisodia clan of Mewar against he wishes.

(3) She defied her husband and not submit to the traditional role of wife and mother.

(4) She recognized Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu as her lover. Her in-laws tried to poison her, but she escaped and lived as wandering singer composing songs with intense expressions of emotion.

(5) Her most famous preceptor was Raidas; a leather worker. It shows her defiance of the norms of caste society.

(6) Although she did not attract a sect or group of followers, she has been recognized as a source of inspiration for centuries.

(7) We get information about her from the bhajans attributed to her.

5. Explain the teaching of Kabir’s poems and the traditions, he draw to describe the ultimate reality/significance of the Kabir’s poems.

Ans.

(1) Described the Ultimate Reality including Islam and also Vedic terms.

(2) He said that through bhakti or devotion one would come nearer to God.

(3) He made no distinction between Hindus and Muslims.

(4) He sincerely tried to emphasis the unity Islam and Hinduism.

(5) He denounced the caste and discrimination system

(6) He did not believe the idol worship.and against the performance of rituals and superstitions.

(7) He advocated the unity of one God.

Chapter - An Imperial Capital Vijaynagara

1. How the the battle of Talikota or battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi was responsible in the decline of Vijayanagara ?

Ans.

(a) In 1565, Rama Raya, the chief minister of Vijayanagara led the army into the battle at Talikota or Rakkasa-Tangadi.

(b) Army of Vijayanagara was defeated by combined forces of Bijapur, Golcunda, and Ahmadnagar.

(d) In a few years the whole city was abadonded.

(e) Now the focus shifted to Penuconda and Chandragiri respectively.

2. How were the water requirements of Vijaynagar met ?

Ans. From the natural basin of the Tungbhadra River.

1. Tungbhadra River surrounded the city fulfilling its requirements.

2. A number of streams flowing down the river also fulfilled the needs.

3. Rulers built embankments to store water.

4. The ‘Kamalapuram Tank’ and The ‘Hiriya’ Canal

3. What were the advantages of enclosing agricultural land within the fortified area of the city ?

Ans.

1. Crops were protected in case of an invasion.

2. Food grains could be securely stored in the fortified area thus saving the residents inside from starvation in case of an invasion.

3. For the protection of agricultural land.

4. During siege the armies & residents of the Vijaynagar could get food supplies & could resist the enemy siege for a considerable time.

4. Write the significance of ‘Virupaksha temple’.

Ans.

(i) It was built in many centuries.

(ii) It had a hall in front of the main shrine which was built by Krishandeva raya to mark his accession.

(iii)It was decorated with beautifully carved pillars.

(iv)The halls in the temple were used for a variety of purposes. Some were spaces in which the image of God were placed to witness special programs of music, dance, drama etc.

(v) Some were used to celebrate the marriages of deities.

5. How is the architect of Virupaksha Temple different from the Vitthala Temple ? Explain.

Ans. Difference between architect of Virupaksha and Vitthala Temple :

Virupaksha Temple :-

1. Temple was built over centuries may be to the 9th-10th centuries as suggested in the inscription. It was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara.

2. It is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the Kingdom, also recognized as a form of Shiva.

3. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession.

4. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars.

5. He is also credited with the construction of the Eastern gopuram.

Vitthala Temple :-

1. In one of the other important shrine where the principal deity was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu generally worshiped in Maharashtra.

2. This temple too has several halls and a unique shrine designed as chariot.

3. A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the chariot streets that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line.

4. These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops.

Chapter - The Kings and Chronicles

1. What is meant by Mansabdari system ? Discuss it main features.

Ans. All holders of government offices held ranks (mansabs) comprising two numerical designations: zat which was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar), and sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service. In the seventeenth century, mansabdars of 1,000 zat or above ranked as nobles (umara, which is the plural of amir ). Describe the functions of central government and its chief officers under Akbar.

2. Discuss the major features of Mughal provincial administration.

Ans. The division of functions established at the centre was replicated in the provinces (subas) where the ministers had their corresponding subordinates (diwan, bakhshi and sadr). The head of the provincial administration was the governor (subadar) who reported directly to the emperor.

The sarkars, into which each suba was divided, often overlapped with the jurisdiction of faujdars (commandants) who were deployed with contingents of heavy cavalry and musketeers in districts.

The local administration was looked after at the level of the pargana (sub-district) by three semi-hereditary officers, the qanungo (keeper of revenue records), the chaudhuri (in charge of revenue collection) and the qazi.

3. What do you know about the Jesuit preachers who came during the reign of Akbar ?

Ans. The Portuguese king was also interested in the propagation of Christianity with the help of the missionaries of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). The Christian missions to India during the sixteenth century were part of this process of trade and empire building. The first Jesuit mission reached the Mughal court at Fatehpur Sikri in 1580 and stayed for about two years. The Jesuits spoke to Akbar about Christianity and debated its virtues with the ulama. Two more missions were sent to the Mughal court at Lahore, in 1591 and 1595.

4. Which work was done by Mir Bakshi and his office ?

Ans. The mir bakhshi (paymaster general) stood in open court on the right of the emperor and presented all candidates for appointment or promotion, while his office prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor.

5. Who started practice of Jharoka darshan? What was his objective behind it ?

Ans. Jharoka darshan was introduced by Akbar with the objective of broadening the acceptance of the imperial authority as part of popular faith.

Chapter - Colonialism and Countryside

1. In which year permanent settlement was introduced in India and by whom ?

Ans. 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.

2. In which year Fifth report was submitted in British Parliament ?

Ans. 1813

3. Who was Francis Buchanan ?

Ans. He was physician appointed in Bengal Medical Service. But on the request of company

he undertook detailed survey of the area under British control.

4. Explain reasons for the failure of the Permanent Settlement of the land revenue introduced by the British in Bengal.

Ans. The reasons for the failure of the Permanent Settlement are as follows:

1. The early revenue demands fixed by the company were very high

2.The price of agricultural produce were depressed during this period. So it became difficult for the ryots to pay their dues to the zamindars.

3. Revenue was fixed permanently

4. British expected that Zamindar would work for agricultural reform but they ignored.

5. The revenue was invariable, regardless of the harvest, and had to be paid punctually.

6. The permanent settlement initially limited the power of the Zamindars to collect rent from the ryot and manage his zamindari.

5. Why did the Santhals revolt against the British rule ?

Ans. The Santhals were revolted against the British rule due to following reasons-

(i) The land that Santhals had brought under cultivation was slipping away from their hands.

(ii) The state was levying heavy taxes on the land that the Santhals had cleared, money lenders (dikus) were charging them high rates of interest.

(iii) Moneylenders were taking over the land from Santhals when debts remained unpaid, and Zamindars were asserting control over the Damin – i –koh area.

(iv) By the 1850s, the Santhals felt that the time had come to rebel against Zamindars, money lenders and the colonial state in order to create an ideal world for themselves where they would rule.

Chapter - Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement

1. Explain the sources from which we can reconstruct the political career of Mahatma Gandhi and the history of National Movement of India.

Ans. There are many different kinds of sources from which we can reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and the history of the nationalist movement.

(a) Public voice and private scripts: One important source is the writings and speeches of Mahatma Gandhi and his contemporaries, including both his associates and his

political adversaries

(b) Framing a picture: Autobiographies similarly give us an account of the past that is often rich in human detail. But here again we have to be careful of the way we read

and interpret autobiographies. We need to remember that they are retrospective accounts written very often from memory. They tell us what the author could recollect.

(c) From newspaper: One more important source is cotemporary newspapers, published in English as well as in the different Indian languages, which tracked Mahatma Gandhi’s movements and reported on his activities, and also represented what ordinary Indians thought of him.

(d) Private : letters:- Definitely official accounts are prepared by commission or special officers or surveyors appointed by government with specific aims or objections to submit reports or to maintain records for a specific purpose and period. Generally these records cannot by published completely without the written permission of Government. Generally private letters are published with the permission of an individual. Similarly autography may be written and published side by side if an individual desires so. The contents or truthfulness of facts mention in private letters and autobiography totally depend on individual honesty impartiality and his liking to write all descriptions with truth.

2. “The Salt March of 1930 was the first event that brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.” Explain the significance of this movement for Swaraj.

Ans. Gandhiji informed Lord Irwin of his plan on 2nd March 1930.

1. He would lead a group of people from his Ashram at Sabarmati on 12th March 1930 and walk through the villages of Gujarat.

2. On reaching the coastal village of Dandi, he would make salt from sea-water thereby breaking the salt act. Gandhiji started the march as planned with 78 of his followers. They were given strict instructions not to resort to any kind of violence.

3. Thousands of people thronged the path from Sabarmati Ashram to Ahmedabad to witness the historic event.

4. At the end of every day, Gandhiji would address thousands of people and attack the government in his speeches.

5. Gandhiji talked to foreign journalists and wrote articles for newspapers on the way. This pushed the Indian independence movement into the forefront of world media.

6. Sarojini Naidu joined him on the way. Every day more and more people joined him and on 5th April 1930, they reached Dandi.

7. At this time, there were about 50,000 people participating in the march.

8. On the morning of 6th April 1930, Gandhiji broke the salt law by making salt. Thousands of people followed suit.

Significance of Satyagraha :-

1. It pushed Indian freedom struggle into the limelight in western media.

2. It brought a lot of people including women and the depressed classes directly in touch with the freedom movement.

3. It showed the power of the non-violent Satyagraha as a tool in fighting imperialism.

4. Gandhiji was released from prison in 1931 and he met with Lord Irwin who was keen to put an end to the civil disobedience movement and the media attention it had

caught.

5. As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the civil disobedience movement would be ended and Indians, in return, would be allowed to make salt for domestic use. Lord Irwin also

agreed to release the arrested Indians. Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference in London as an ‘equal’.

3. Describe the role of Gandhiji as people’s leader from 1917-22.

Ans. The period of 1919-1947 occupies a very important place in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. It was the third and the final phase of the Indian freedom struggle. It was during the period that a great personality entered the Indian political scene with several weapons like Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience, based on truth and non-violence and soon became the pioneer of the National Movement. This period is generally known as the ‘Gandhian Era’, Gandhiji transformed the nature of the National Movement and it became a mass movement.

Role of Gandhiji as people’s leader :-

1. The general problem raised here is peasant involvement in Afro‐Asian nationalist movements. As a case study the focus is M. K. Gandhi's attitude to and activities

among Indian peasants from 1917 to 1922 and their response,

2. firstly to his broad span of rural work for social reform and the rectification of particular peasant grievances, and then to his India‐wide passive resistance campaigns on continental issues which had no specifically rural appeal.

3. This analysis underlines the fact that ‘India's peasants’ were no monolithic group.

4. They differed from area to area in economic and social position and were further fragmented by the ties of religion, tribe and caste.

5. Consequently the nature and range of their wider public awareness varied, and their relationships with Gandhi were diverse and complicated.

6. In certain areas he attracted wide support, even adulation, particularly where he campaigned on local grievances. But peasant response to his all‐India calls for passive resistance was geographically restricted, and often dependent on a very garbled understanding of the issues at stake and the expected pay‐offs of the movement.

7. Peasant activists were often outside Gandhi's control and this threat to cohesion and discipline made him very ambivalent towards wide rural participation.

8. His relationship with India's peasantry illustrated the problems any continental leader or organisation faced in trying to accommodate ‘national’ appeals and tactics

to the diverse and often specifically local needs of rural groups — an accommodation which was difficult, dangerous yet essential in some degree if nationalist movements were to be broadly based.

4. Examine the causes and contribution of Non-Cooperation Movement to India’s freedom struggle. Why did Gandhiji couple Non-Cooperation Movement with Khilafat Movement ?

Ans. Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement :-

1. Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during

the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support.

2. Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.

3. Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government.

4. The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rawlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the

Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government.

5. The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was one of the Central Powers, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. Muslims regarded Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph (religious head of the Muslims). The Khilafat movement was launched under the leadership of Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. It got the support from Mahatma Gandhi to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

Contribution of Non-Cooperation Movement :-

1. However, it was a truly mass movement where lakhs of Indians participated in the open protest against the government through peaceful means.

2. It shook the British government who were stumped by the extent of the movement.

3. It saw participation from both Hindus and Muslims thereby showcasing communal harmony in the country.

4. This movement established the popularity of the Congress Party among the people.

5. As a result of this movement, people became conscious of their political rights. They were not afraid of the government.

6. The Indian merchants and mill owners enjoyed good profits during this period as a This movement also established Gandhiji as a leader of the masses.

Gandhiji couple the Non-Cooperation Movement with Khilafat Movement

Gandhiji believed in communal harmony and secularism. He wished to get cooperation of Muslim community at its maximum. The treatment provided by the British government to the Caliph of Turkey disturbed Indian Muslims since he was perceived as their religious head. Resulting from this, they initiated the Khilafat Movement under leadership of Maulana Azad, the Ali brothers and Hasrat Mohani, among others. Gandhiji saw Khilafat Movement as one opportunity to attain the much wanted Hindu-Muslim unity and put efforts to create common cause with the leaders of the this movement. He hoped that via this coupling, India’s two main religious communities, including Muslims and Hindus could bring an end to the colonial rule together.

5. Why did Gandhiji start Non-cooperation Movement ? Why was it withdrawn ?

Ans. Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 because:

First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high prices, famines and epidemics made people's life miserable. Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians angry which needed to be avenged.

He want to restore the status of the ruler of Turkey and bring Swaraj or Self Rule to India. Gandhiji want to inculcate a sense of nationalism and promote khadi and to attain Swaraj.

Reason for withdrawal :- Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922 because of the following reasons :-

(i) In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and clashed with the police resulting in the deaths of several policemen.

(ii) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and Satyagrahis needed proper training before they were ready for a mass struggle.

Chapter - Framing the Constitution

1. under which scheme the constituent Assembly was formed ?

Ans. Cabinet mission scheme

2. under which act the elections were held in 1937 ?

Ans. Government of India act of 1935

3. what do you understand by ‘Separate Electorate ?

Ans. Under provision of the government of India act 1909, Separate electorates were made for the Muslims. Only Muslims could be elected from these constituencies. According to the British Administrators it was done in order to safe guard the interests of the Muslims minority.

4. Why was the Objective resolution a historic resolution ?

Ans. It was a historic resolution as it declared to make India an Independent Sovereign Democratic Republic ‘It clarified the ideals of the constitution of independent India. It assured all the citizens of India to grant justice equality and freedom.

5. why did Mahatma Gandhi think Hindustani should be the national language ?

Ans. Hindustani which was a blend of Hindi and Urdu was a very popular language in India. It was spoken by a large section of the people. It was also a composite language enriched by the interaction of diverse cultures. Mahatma Gandhi was convinced that such a multi -culture language would be the ideal language of communication between diverse communities. It would strengthen unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. It would also bring the people of the north closer to the people of the south. In other words , Mahatma Gandhi believed in the composite character of Hindustani.

👉 CBSE Class 12 Study Materials

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24	CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Papers
NCERT Books For Class 12 Books	NCERT Class 12 Solutions
CBSE Class 12 Full Study Material	CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2023-24