CBSE Class 12 Exam 2023 : Political Science Most Important 4 Mark Questions With Answers

In this article, we have compiled and presented the most important questions and answers of 4 marks for CBSE Class 12 Political Science Board Exams in the session 2022-23.

These important questions have been designed by the subject experts focusing on the latest changes in the syllabus, sample papers and previous year questions.

Book – 1 समकालीन विश्व राजनीति

Four Marker Questions

Q1. Why did small nations join the military alliances made by the superpowers and what do you understand by, The bandwagon policy ?

Ans. The small nations benefited from the economic, military and political support given by the superpowers. The bandwagon policy means when a small state aligns with a stronger power and receives political, economic, military help against its local regional rival.

Q2. What were the treaties signed by the USA and USSR for arms control ? Explain in brief.

Ans. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT-I & II (1972, (1979) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) was the result of the SALT talks signed and heralded a new period of cooperation between the two superpowers. LTBT( 1963) banned nuclear testing in outer space and underwater. Both the superpowers agreed to limit the testing, production and deployment or use of nuclear weapons.

Q3. Explain the role played by India during the cold war.

Ans. India played an important role in uniting countries which did not want to be part of the military alliances during the cold war. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru India raised its voice against newly independent Nations becoming part of the military blocs. India mediated between the two rival alliances and helped defuse tensions.

Q4. Why do you think that NAM has become irrelevant today ? Give reasons to support your answer.

Ans. NAM contains some core values and enduring ideas for promoting world peace, cooperation and mutual trust. It is based on a recognition that decolonised states or newly independent states of Asia, Africa and Latin America share a historical bond and can become a powerful force if they come together. The above core ideas are still relevant today. The most important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda for a just and fair international economic order. The WTO rules and procedures have failed to provide adequate economic gains to the Third World. Since its birth NAM has been playing a very active role in fostering cooperation among nations particularly among developing countries

Q5. What do you know about the Cuban missile Crisis ?

Ans. For thirteen days in October 1962 the world waited—seemingly on the brink of nuclear war—and hoped for a peaceful resolution to the Cuban Missile Crisis. In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba.

Q6. Mention any four features that made the Soviet economy better from that of a capitalist country like the USA.

Ans. Soviet economy had complex communication network with energy resources and an efficient transport sector connecting its remotest areas. Soviet Union industry produced every domestic product from Pins to cars, although with the quality better than the Western Technology, Soviet Union insured a minimum standard of living for its citizens. There was an absence of unemployment in Soviet Union, land and productive assets were under state control.

Q7. What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the USSR

Ans. Mikhail Gorbachev was the secretary general of the Communist Party of Soviet Union in 1985 he was forced to initiate reforms in the USSR because:

The Soviet system had become very bureaucratic and authoritarian making life difficult for the common citizens.
There was a lack of democracy and freedom of speech, resulting in dissatisfaction among the citizens.
The citizens in the 15 Republics of the USSR were dissatisfied with the Russian domination in their cultural affairs. The rise of nationalism and desire for Sovereignty in Russia and the Republics.
Low productivity and technology had resulted in shortages of consumer goods and the Soviet economy had become stagnant as the economic growth rate was low.

Q8. Give any four reasons for the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991.

Ans. Lack of democracy and freedom of speech, one party system which was not accountable to the people, dominance of Russia and neglect of the interest of other Republics, high expenditure on Defence, low expenditure on infrastructure and Technology.

Q9. Write in brief India’s present relationship with the former republics of Soviet Union.

Ans. India has cordial diplomatic relations with Russia and the former Republics of the Soviet Union; the foreign policy is based upon mutual trust interest and peaceful coexistence which includes collective security. greater regionalism and democratic notion of decision making in international bodies like the United Nations Organisation.

India has benefited from CIS and on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism and access to Central Asia. Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are India’s major trading partner

Q10. Describe American supremacy in military and cultural terms.

Ans. We talk everyday that such and such a person is becoming strong or is bent on becoming strong. Even in world politics, different countries or groups of countries constantly try to gain and maintain power. This power is in the form of military dominance, economic power, political status and cultural advantage. America was the only superpower left.

Q11. Why was there a terrorist attack on the United States of America on September 11, 2001? What was America’s reaction to this?

Ans. To attract the attention of people and governments around the world and as a response to Operation Infinite Reach.

America started a worldwide war against it.
Even exempted diplomats entering the US in the name of security were subjected to scrutiny.

Q12. Discuss the various measures to deal with the hegemony of America?

Ans.

bandwagon policy.
policy of concealment.
Collective resistance by media, voluntary organizations, intellectuals.
By joint efforts by powerful and big countries like China, Russia and India.

Q13. What is the place of America in the world economy? Explain it with example.

Ans.

- American participation in the world economy is 28 percent.
- America’s one or the other company is among the leading three companies in every sector.
- America’s dominance over major economic international organizations like IMF, World Bank and World Trade Organization.
- American dominance over the world wide or internet and MBA degree.

Q14. What are the factors that limit the ability of the European Union?

Ans.

In many areas its member states have their own foreign relations and defence policies that are often at odds with each other. For example Germany, and France oppose US attack on Iraq.
Denmark and sweden have resisted the Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of the Euro, the common European currency.

Q15. Explain any four steps taken by China that led to the rise of its economy.

Ans.

China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relation with the United States in 1972.
Four modernization in the field of agriculture, industry, Science and Technology and military in 1973.
‘Open door policy’ to generate higher productivity by investments of capital and Technology from abroad and economic reforms in 1978.
The privatization of agriculture in 1982 who was followed by the privatization of industry in 1998.
Special Economic Zones where foreign investors could set up Enterprises.

Q16. Why did India and China both view themselves as new centers of powers in global politics? Write any four reasons.

Ans.

Large population of more than 135 crores.
India has a fast developing economy.
India has adopted free trade policy and privatisation.
India has attained nuclear capability in the military sector
India is the world’s largest democracy.

Q17. What were the objectives behind the formation of SAARC in 1985?

Ans.

- to promote welfare of people of South Asia
- accelerate economic growth and
- increase colaboration and mutual assistance in economic, social, culture, technology and scientific fields.

Q18. Explain any two reasons for the instability of democracy in Pakistan.

Ans.

The social dominance of the military, clergy and landowing aristocracy.
The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan.

Q19. Explain two subjects on which India and Bangladesh have mutual cooperation and agreement.

Ans.

Two States cooperate regularly on disaster management and invironmental Issues.
Both the countries have identified common threats and are more sensitive to each other’s needs.

Q20. Explain any two causes of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka.

Ans.

After independence, politics in Sri Lanka was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community.
The neglect of Tamil concerns led to militant the Tamil nationalism.

Q21. How democratization is going on in Nepal since 1990?

Ans.

- Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom in the earlier period and then a constitutional monarchy in the modern period for many years.
- The king accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution in 1990, in the wake of a strong pro-democracy movement. However, the democratic government had a short and troubled career.
- For sometime, there was a triangular conflict among the monarchist forces, the democrats and the Maoists.
- In 2008, Nepal became a democratic republic after abolishing the monarchy.

Q22. Write a short note on the principal organs of the United Nations

Ans. The United Nations (UN) has six main organs. Five of them — the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat — are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

Q23. Write four functions of the Security Council ?

Ans.

Maintenance of international peace and security
Can take military actions if required.
Elect the judges of international court of justice .
Security council can apply economic sanction also to stop any aggression.

Q24. Whet do you mean by Amnesty International? Write its functions,

Ans.

Amnesty international is an NGO that campaigns for the protection of human rights.
Protection of human rights across the world
Publish report to prevent and to end the human right violations

Q25. What are the main functions of UNESCO and UNICEF?

Ans.

UNESCO-

Removal of illiteracy (education for all)
Encouragement of science education by providing regional training centers.

UNICEF-

- Protection of children in respect of their survival, cooperation, andwell being.
- It assist the government to plan, develop and extend community —based services in the fields of maternal and child healths, nutrition, clean water and sanitation.

Q26. Mention key components of India’s security strategy.

Ans.

Strengthen military capability
Respect for international institutions
Dealing with Internal Securita Issues
Economical development

Q27. What is the balance of power, how does a country maintain it ?

Ans. A balance of power is a system in which there is constant effort that no country becomes powerful and spoils the current balance.

By increasing its military power
Increasing economic and technology strength

Q28. How does per capita income and population growth affect economic inequality in the world?

Ans. High per capita income and less growth of population makes the rich country more wealthy. Whereas Low per capita income and rapid growth of population together makes countries poorer.

Q29. Explain 2 measures to reduce the economic gap between the rich and the poor globally.

Ans. Global gap can be reduced only by controlling the rapid population growth.

Q30. What is ment by the global commons ? How is it exploited and polluted?

Ans. The areas or regions located outside the jurisdiction of any one state and region, common governance by international community are Global Commons i.e. Earth atmosphere, Antarctic Ocean floor and outer space. They are exploited and polluted due to

Vague scientific evidences, their lack of consensus on common environmental issues.
North-South inequalities and their exploitative activities and competition lack proper management area out space.
Technological and Industrial development have also affected the earth’s atmosphere and ocean floor.

Q31. What is sustainable development? How can it be implemented?

Ans. An approach to development on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility is known as sustainable development

Methods of implementation

Reducing Requirements.
Producing as per requirement
Natural co-existence

Q32. In the context of environmental protection what is India’s viewpoint on common but Differentiated responsibility?

Ans. India’s viewpoint

- developed countries have more responsibility to reduce the emission rate of greenhouse gases as these countries have emitted more of these gases for longer period.
- Luxury and Need to be different methods of Implementation.

Q33. What are the main components of worldwide mutual engagement?

Ans. All the Countries of the world are closely involved by development of information and communication system, mutual dependence and mutual support.

Components:

Internet, Telephone Telegraph, Microchip etc

Q34. Explain the economic impact of globalization.

Ans. Economic impact of globalisalicm

Economic growth balanced by equal trade and labour laws.
Determination of the rules of international trade by western countries.
Demage to small scale industries because of MNC’s

Q35. Explain the difference in cultural homogeneity and cultural heterogeneity.

Ans. The cultural homogenisation of Western culture does not spread all over the world so it can take the form of a global culture.

In cultural hetrogeneity, different cultures incorporate the good things of other cultures into their culture, due to which each culture is becoming unique.

Q36. What was the impact of globalization on India?

Ans. Effect of Globalization

- Rapid economic growth
- Availability of new opportunites
- Emergence of new challenges in domestic industries.
- Important place of India in world politics.

Book – 2 स्वतन्त्र भारत में राजनीति

Q1. Write reasons responsible for the partition of India.

Ans. The partition of India was the most notable event that had occurred in Indian history. Its main reason was the thinking of the Muslims and their communalism. But the circumstances under which it happened made it one of the saddest events in the Indian history.
The three causes that lead to the partition of India are:

1. Activities of the Muslim League: In the formation of the Muslim League, the English Govt played a significant role. The Britishers wanted to create opinion differences among the people of India in order to strengthen their own position.

The main objective of the Muslim League was to spread communalism and the Muslim leaders had their own axe to grind through the medium of this organisation.
In the beginning, the Muslim League failed to be an influential organisation due to its narrow and negative approach. Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s two-nation theory was actually a slogan for the formation of a separate nation for the Indian Muslims.

2. Communal Reaction: Hindu communalism also came into existence as a result of Muslim communalism. The staunch Hindus formed several organisations like the Hindu Maha Sabha.
The Arya Samaj adopted the system of Shuddic which created doubt in the minds of the Muslims. Hindu Maha Sabha not only blamed the congress for being an anti- Hindu organisation but also raised a slogan for the establishment of this nation. As a result of the Hindu communalism, the Muslim communalism grew all the more powerful and raised the slogan for the creation of a separate nation.

3. Congress policy of strengthening India: According to the Congress, the only way to get rid of this problem was the partition of India and it accepted the partition formula laid in the 3rd June Plan of Lord Mountbatten.

Q2. Write the consequences of partition of India in 1947.

Ans.

Transfer of population
Problem with minorities on both side
Exploitation of women and children
Division of properties

Q3. What were the major differences between the challenge of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country at the time of Independence.

Ans. Following were the challenges of nation building for eastern and western regions of the country:

Both western and eastern regions of the country were Muslim majority provinces, which could not be joined together. So, the state of Pakistan would comprise East and West Pakistan, which was to be separated by the long geographical expanse of India.
The domination of Urdu language over East Pakistan, which Bengali Muslims in East Pakistan referred to as the cultural domination, brought discontentment in the eastern region. Moreover, it was difficult to manage and administer two separate territories.

Q4. Name the original states from which the following states were carved out.

Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Jharkhand

Ans.

- Haryana (PUNJAB)
- Himachal Pradesh (PUNJAB)
- ttarakahnd(UTTAR PRADESH)
- Jharkhand(Bihar)

Q5. Match the following.

A) S.A. Dage	i) Bharatiya Jana Sangh
b) Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee	ii) Communist Party of India
c) Meenu Masani	iii) Praja Socialist Party
d) Ashok Mehta	iv) Swatantra Party

Ans.

a) iv)

b) i)

c) ii)

D iii)

Q6. Describe the reasons for the supremacy of one party in India.

Ans.

The Congress had representation from all classes.
Almost all the opposition parties came out of the Congress.
There was similarity in the policies of the Congress and the opposition parties.
Failure of coalition governments in the states.

Q7. What was the change in the nature of Congress with the passage of time?

Ans.

In the 20th century, the Congress was a pressure group of the rich and merchants, dominated by the English-speaking upper class. ii) With the advent of Gandhi, urban, rural, capitalist, laborers and different castes became members of the Congress.
On attaining independence, Congress was a party with diverse (class, caste, religion and language) representatives like Indra Dhanush.

Q8. In what sense was the Congress an ideological coalition? Explain giving examples.

Ans.

People who believed in many ideologies were included in the Congress. Example – pacifist and revolutionary
People could participate in this even while living in their groups.
The Congress Socialist Party was also formed within the Congress.
Their leadership was not limited to any one class, caste or profession.

Q9. Mention the relations between the Congress and the opposition parties after independence.

Ans.

The presence of opposition is only nominal but plays an important role in maintaining the democratic character of governance.
Criticism of the policy of the Congress Party.
Balance of power within the Congress Party.
Sense of mutual respect between ruling party and opposition

Q10. What was the difference between the ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Communist Party of India?

Ans.

Bharatiya Jana Sangh:

The idea of one country, one culture and one nation.
Imagination of modern progressive and powerful India on the basis of Indian culture and tradition.
Supporter of united India including India and Pakistan
Started a movement to replace English with Hindi as the official language.

Communist Party of India:

Abandoned the path of violent revolution in 1951. Participation in general elections.
Partition happened in 1964. China supporters formed a party named Communist Party of India.
The transfer of power in 1947 was not considered true independence. Promoted violent insurgency in Telangana.
A. who. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S Nambudaripad, P.C.Joshi and other prominent leaders. Anti-Capitalism.

Q11. Why were apprehensions expressed by terming the first general election as the biggest gamble in history ?

Ans.

- large number of voters.
- Poor and illiterate voters.
- lack of resources for elections
- Lack of trained election personnel.

Q12. How Niti Aayog is different from Yojana Aayog?

Ans.

NITI Aayog	Planning Commission
NITI Aayog has not been given the mandate or powers to impose policies on States. NITI Aayog is basically a think-tank or an advisory body.	The Planning Commission had the power to impose policies on States and for the projects approved by the Planning Commission.
The powers for the allocation of funds have not been given to the NITI Aayog. The powers are with the Finance Ministry.	The Planning Commission had the power to allocate funds to the State Governments and various Central Government Ministries for various programmes and projects at the National and State Levels.
In NITI Aayog, State Governments have to play a more proactive role.	State Governments did not have much role to play apart from taking part in the meetings. The State Government’s role was confined to the National Development Council.
Based on the requirements, there are part-time members appointed in NITI Aayog.	The Planning Commission did not have any provisions for the appointment of part-time members.
The Governing Council of NITI Aayog has Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories and State Chief Ministers.	The National Development Council had Lieutenant Governors and State Chief Ministers. Planning Commission had to report to the National Development Commission
The CEO of NITI Aayog is appointed by the Prime Minister. Secretaries are known as CEO.	Planning Commission secretaries were appointed through the usual process.
The number of full-time members in NITI Aayog could be lesser than the numbers that the Planning Commission had.	The last Planning Commission had eight full-time members.
Under the NITI Aayog organisation structure, new posts were created – CEO, Vice-Chairperson. CEO has the rank of a Secretary. Four Cabinet members would serve as ex-officio members. NITI Aayog has two-part time members and five full-time members.	The Planning Commission’s organisational structure consisted of full-time members, a member secretary and a Deputy Chairperson.
In NITI Aayog, the final policy would bear fruit after due consultations are held with State Governments in the policy formulation stage.	The Planning Commission first formulated policies, and then State Governments were consulted regarding the allocation of funds for the programmes or projects.
NITI Aayog is also an Executive Body as it is not mentioned in the Constitution of India, and it was not established by an Act of Parliament. However, if needed, it can be converted into a Statutory Body by passing a law in Parliament; an example is UIDAI.	The now-defunct Planning Commission was an Executive Body.

Q13. Differentiate between Leftist and Rightist.

Ans.

Left-Wing	Right-Wing
Left-wing politics is more liberal in its approach and outlook	Right-wing politics are more conservative.
Left-wing economics policies involve reducing income equality, increasing tax rates for the wealthy, and government spending on social programs and infrastructure	Its economic policies involve low taxes, less regulation on businesses by the government
Those belonging to the left-spectrum of politics believe that society will benefit from an expanded role for the government	Right-wing ideologies believe that the best outcome for society is delivered when individual rights and civil liberties are paramount with limited involvement of the government
Left-wing politics is characterized by an emphasis on equality, fraternity, progress, and reform	Right-wing politics is characterized by ideas of authority, hierarchy, tradition, and nationalism
Left-wing nationalism is based on social equality, popular sovereignty, and national-determination. It associates itself closely with national liberation movements	Right-wing nationalism is influenced by Romantic Nationalism where the state derives its legitimacy from the culture it governs, including, language, race, and custom “born” within this culture
Left-wing politics is traditionally against religious institutions and believe that state and religion must be separate from each other (Secularism)	Right-wing politics have always found supporters who believe that religion should play an expanded role in society.
Populist ideas in the left-wing do not include horizontal exclusion and will rely more on egalitarian ideals.	Populism is a recurring theme in right-wing political circles. Populism is a political approach that appeals to ordinary people who feel that their rights are ignored.
The term ‘Left-wing’ has a similar origin during the French revolution where anti-monarchy revolutionaries were seated on the left side of the hall.	The term ‘Right-wing’ has its origins during the days of the French Revolution (1789-1799) where the supporters of the Monarchy were seated on the right hall of the National Assembly

Q14. Why was the National Development Council established?

Ans. It was set up on 6 August 1952 to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of the Five Year Plans made by Planning Commission, to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country.

Q15. On what grounds mixed Economy model is criticized.?

Ans. The following are its criticism:

The planners did not provide the private sector with enough space and the stimulus to grow.
The systems of licenses and permits for investment created hurdles for private capital.
The state control led to inefficiency and corruption.
The state did not spend sufficient amount on public education and healthcare.
The state intervention did not help the poor but created a new middle class who had no accountability.

Q16. What were the consequences of foodgrain Crisis in India.

Ans. It may compel many peasants to reduce the area under cultivation, or it could cause a further rise in food prices both from the cost side and due to the speculative activities of corporate agribusiness, coalescing with international finance.

Q17. Describe the Nuclear Policy of India.

Ans. Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent; A posture of “No First Use” nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere; Nuclear retaliation to a first strike will be massive and designed to inflict unacceptable damage.

Q18. lndia’s relations with Russia are considered as an important aspect of India’s Foreign Policy. Explain.

Ans.

India’s relations with Russia are strong and embedded in a history of mutual faith and matched by popular perceptions.
Both share a vision of multipolar world order.
Both believe that International conflicts and disputes should be negotiated through bodies like the UN.
More than 80 bilateral agreements have been signed as part of the Indo- Russian strategic agreement of 2001.

Q19. Describe India’s relation with Israel.

Ans. India announced its recognition of Israel on September 17, 1950. Soon thereafter, the Jewish Agency established an immigration office in Bombay. This was later converted into a Trade Office and subsequently a Consulate. Embassies were opened in 1992 when full diplomatic relations were established.

Q20. What was the Tibet issue?

Ans. In 1950, China took over control of Tibet. Large sections of the Tibetan population oppose this takeover.In 1958, there was an armed uprising in Tibet against China occupation. This was suppressed by the Chinese forces. In 1959, the Dalai Lama crossed over into the Indian border and sought Asylum which was granted. The Chinese government strongly protested against this.

Q21. Describe the reasons for one party dominance in India.

Ans.

Socialists believed in the ideaology of democratic socialism. The communist were influenced by the Russion revolution and advocated the path of communism for many solutions
In the first general election,the socialist did not achieve much success while the communists got 16 seats.

Q22. Write a short note on 1969 presidential election in India.

Ans.

Following Dr Zakir Hussain death the post of President of India fell vacant that year.
Despite Mrs Gandhi’s reservations ,the Syndicate managed to nominate her longtime opponent the then speaker of the Lok Sabha N. Sanjeeva Reddy as the official Congress candidate for the ensuring presidential elections.
Indira Gandhi retaliated by encouraging the then vice president VV Glri to file his nomination as an independent candidate
Indira Gandhi openly called for a conscious vote which meant that use MP and MLA from the Congress should be free to vote the way they wanted in this election
This ulitmetely resulted in the victory of VV Girl the independent candidate and the defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy the official Congress candidate.
The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalized the split in the party
Indira Gandhi projected the split as an ideological divide between socialists and conservatives, between the pre poor and the pro rich

Q23. What do you mean by the Restoration of the congress system?

Ans. In the 1971 general elections, Indira Gandhi attempted to bring the Congress to power with an absolute majority, for which Indira Gandhi initiated various public welfare programs, resulting in the Congress coming to power with an absolute majority in the elections.

Q24. Why is the period of fourth general election (1967) described as political earth quake.

Ans. Fourth General Election 1967 Known as Political Earthquake

Opposition parties started mobilizing the public. The result of elections has been termed as political earthquake because the Congress lost the election for the first time, with lowest tally of seats received and share of votes
Congress could not form government in 9 states i.e.- UttarPradesh, Bihar,Madhya Pradesh, Madras, West Bengal, Orissa, Punjab, Kerala and Haryana.

Q25. Write four challenges that Election Commission faced in first general election.

Ans. Challenges faced by the Election commission of India before first General elections :-

- Delimitation of Electoral constituencies- free and fair elections
- Absence of electoral rolls. Preparing the election rolls was a huge task as many citizens were eligible to vote.
- Illiterate population- did not know details like wife of and daughter of…15% voters illiterate out of 17 crore eligible voters because of which special method of voting was needed.
- Mistake in electoral rolls-Large population and voters to hold free and fair elections. Large number of staff and infrastructure for the first time

Q26. Explain about three pillars of “Integral Humanism”

Ans.

Primacy of whole not part.
Superemacy of Dharm.
Autonomy of society.

Q27. Mention salient features of third democratic upsurge.

Ans.

It started since 1990s in the era of LPG
It repersents competitive electoral market.
It gives preference to the “survival of the ablest”
It marks three shifts in India’s electoral market –
- From state to market
- From Government to Goverance.
- From state as controller to State as a facilitator.

Q28. What do you know about four pillars of “Chouburja Rajneeti”

Ans. ‘Chauburja Rajneeti’ opines four pillars of politics as weel as socialism:Centre, Region, District and village – all are linked with each other. Giving consideration to affirmative action, Lohia argued that the policy of affirmative action should not only be for the downtrodden but also for the womens the non-religious minorities .

Q29. How did National Emergency strengthened India’s democratic System.

Ans.

Leaders of opposition formed Janta Party
Opposition can criticized now.
Constitution was amended.
During election of 1977, Congress party was defeated.

Q30. Give main reasons behind imposition of internal emergency of 1975.

Ans.

Economic Crisis
Public Discontent- (Gujarat movement, Bihar movement)
Naxalites Movement),
Employees’ Discontent
Railway Strike of 1974
Conflicts with judiciary
Immediate Cause -(5th General Election & Indira Gandhi)
- On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha invalid.
- She could not remain the PM unless and she had to once again elected as an MP in Lok Sabha within 6 months.
- On 24 June 1975, the Supreme Court granted her a partial stay on the High Court’s Order but she could not take part in the proceedings of the Lok Sabha.

Therefore, at midnight of 25 June 1975 National Emergency was imposed on the basis of Internal Disturbance as mentioned in Article 352

Q31. What do you understand by New Social Movements?

Ans. New social movements have emerged as corrective to new challenges like environmental degradation, violence against women, destruction of tribal cultures and violation or Human Rights, transgender rights etc. They are comprehensive issues affecting a major strata of the society and are issue based seeking redressal within the system.

Q32. What do you understand by party based movements?

Ans. Party based movements have close Association with political pnrtles and follow their objectives and ideologies, well organised and financed by political parties and often have a hidden agenda of opposing the party in power. For ex:- the Indian Independence was fought by the Congress Party, the highly violent Maoist movement.

Q33. What do you understand about the National fishworkers forum led social movement?

Ans. The National Fishworkers Forum owes its birth to the striking Indian fishing communities in 1978. It was a Federation of trade unions and organisations of fishworkers in India. The conflict between the newly introduced large- scale mechanized trawlers and the small-scale traditional fishworkers gave rise to this. In 2008 NFF led a campaign to ‘save the coast and save the fishers’.

Q34. What was naxal movement and where did it start?

Ans. The term naxalites come from Naxalbari, a small village in West Bengal where a section of the Communist Party of India ‘Marxist led by Charu Majumdar initiated an uprising in 1967.

Q35. What is the difference between Regionalism and Separatism?

Ans.

Regionalism is to raise political econmic and develpmental demands on regional basis.
Separatism: The feeling of a region being separated from the country or raising itsdemand

Q36. Mention the main features of Punjab Accord

Ans. Punjab Accord Commission will be appointed to resolve border dispute, Tribunal will be constituted for sharing of water of Ravi Beas between Punjab, Haryana Rajasthan. Extremism affected people will be compensated in Panjab Special Protection Force Act from Punjab

Q37. Suggest measures to control regional dissatisfaction in India.

Ans. Balanced develpment of all regions:

Solution to the problem of linguism:

National interests ignored; Give Priority to national interest in place of regioral interest.

Q38. Explain any four issues related to the development of social welfare and participation of the people in Indian Politics.

Ans. Four issues related to the development of social welfare and participation of the people in Indian Poltitcs:-

Right to Information.
Pradhanmantri Ujjwala Yojana
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Jan Dhan Yojona
Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana
Kisan Fasal Bima Yojana
Beti Padhao, Desh Bachao
Aayushman Bharat Yojana etc.

Q39. Describe the emergence of BJP as a significant force in the Indian politics.

Ans. In 1980, Jana Sangh formed Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP). Bharatiya Janata Party adopted ’Gandhian Socialism’ as their ideology .It did not get much success in the elections held in 1980 and 1984. In 1986, BJP criticised the Congress government on unnecessary appeasement of the minority community. BJP also made Ram Mandir as its major electoral issue. BJP emerged a significant force after 1989.The BJP continued to consolidate its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. It emerged as the largest party in the 1996 elections. It came to power by leading a coalition government (NDA) from May 1998 to June 1999 and was re-elected in October 1999 and completed its full term in the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. BJP got an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha elections held in May 2014 in the leadership of Narendra Modi. Again, In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, BJP has emerged as the largest party at the centre by winning 303 seats in the leadership of Narendra Modi.

Q40. What was the Mandal Commission?State two recommendations of this Commission.

Ans. In 1978 the central government appointed a Commission. The chairperson of this Commission was Bindeswari Prasad Mandal, therefore it is also known as Mandal Commission. The Mandal Commission was set up to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society and recommend ways of identifying these backward classes. It was also expected to give its recommendations on the ways in which this backwardness could be ended.

Two Recommendations:-

Recommended reservation of 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs
Recommended Land Reforms to improve the conditions of backward class.

Q41. State any four effects of the 1989 Lok Sabha elections on the politics of India.

Ans.

Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress Party but did not result in a majority for any other party.
The beginning of the coalition politics in the Indian political system.
Political rise of other backward classes .
Regional parties played an important role in the formation of government.

CBSE Class 12 Study Materials

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2022-23	CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Papers
NCERT Books For Class 12 Books	NCERT Class 12 Solutions
CBSE Class 12 Full Study Material	CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2022-23