CBSE Class 12 Home Science Exam 2024 : Most Important Questions Answers for Last-Minute Revision

The CBSE Class 12 Home Science exam is just around the corner, scheduled for March 13, 2024. As you gear up for this crucial test, it’s essential to focus on the 1, 2,3, 4 or 5-mark questions—they carry significant weightage and can significantly impact your overall score.

We have compiled a set of important 1, 2,3, 4 or 5-mark questions (Very Short, Short/Long Question) and their answers to help you in quick and effective last minute revision. These questions are essential as they can increase your score significantly. We have mentioned all the authentic sources to get the most important questions from each chapter.

CBSE Class 12th Home Science Important Questions 2023-24

Very short answer questions (1 mark)

Q1. What do you understand by meaningful work ?

Ans. Meaningful work refers to all such activities which contribute to personal growth, instills confidence and self-worth and which are beneficial for the society.

Q2. Mrs. Arora’s daughter, after obtaining the qualification of dietician, can work in which two institutions ?

Answer-

Dieticians with consultants / physicians in health clubs or gymnasiums
Dietitians in hospitals including specialty departments
Dietitians in catering services for hospitals, schools, industrial canteens, etc.

Q3. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy has several adverse effects on fetus. What are they ?

Ans. Iodine deficiency results in mental retardation and congenital abnormalities of the fetus.

Q4. What do you understand by Menu compiling ?

Ans. Menu determines the ingredients required, the type and number of equipment, the expertise of the personnel and the number to be employed.

Q5. Which are the resource foods that maintain the quality of fresh foods?

Ans. Minimally processed foods.

Q6. Neha used a chopping board to cut raw meat and used the same board for cutting salad without washing it, which food infection can result in such case ?

Ans. Cross-Contamination.

Q7. Why is substitute care important, give any two reasons.

Ans.

Untimely death of the mother
Mother’s ill-health/any disease

Q8. What do you understand by Special Education ?

Ans. Special Education means specially designed instruction for children in all settings such as classroom, home, workplace, public places, the street and the rehabilitation homes.

Q9. According to the new National Youth Policy-2014, which age group has been considered as youth?

Answer- 15-29 years

Q10. Define Proportion in garments.

Ans. Proportion means relation of one part of an object to another. This relationship can be created in size, colour, shape and texture.

Q11. What is term given to a category of consumer that a merchandiser targets at to sell his product?

Ans- Target Market

Q12. While buying a readymade shirt which size of the wearer would you need?

Ans. While buying a readymade shirt ‘collar size’ of the wearer is needed.

Q13. How many types of models are available in washing machines? Name them.

Ans- Two types of models are available in the washing machine:

Top-loading, in which clothes are put in the machine from above.
Front loading in which the clothes are filled from the front.

Q14. Whose services are used by schools and colleges to conduct behavioural tests for students who are on the verge of choosing a career stream?

Ans. Career Counsellors.

Q15. Which activities are included in pre-arrival stage of a ‘Guest cycle’?

Ans. The activities done in the pre-arrival stage include:

quoting rates to the guests.
reserving a room as a part of central reservation system.

Q16. What do you mean by Right to choose, given to a consumer ?

Ans. Right to choose means that every buyer should have access to products of varying quality and quantities, prices, size and design. Consumer can choose according to his needs and wants.

Q17. What kind of institution or organization can a development communication expert choose for his career?

Answer: Government and Non-Governmental Institutions or Mass Communication Organizations

Q18. Media can understood in the two contexts. What are they?

Ans. Media can be understood in the following contexts.

Media as an end product on campaign design.
Media as a channel or medium.

CBSE Class 12 Study Materials

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24	CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Papers
NCERT Books For Class 12 Books	NCERT Class 12 Solutions
CBSE Class 12 Full Study Material	CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2023-24

Short answer questions (2 marks)

Q1. Write any four ways which help to understand the work.

Ans.

A job and livelihood for most of the people.
A means for self-creativity.
A symbol of status power and control.
a source of pleasure and complete mental satisfaction.

Q2. What are medical foods? Explain by giving two examples.

Answer- Medical foods are products that

Designed specifically for the specific dietary management of a disease, those with prescription only can be used but are not considered as drugs.
These are usually in the form of liquid or powdered drinks mixes.

Some examples of medical foods

Special infant food
Products for life-saving solution (ORS-oral rehydration solution) or long-term diarrhea
Special nutritional products for patients with diabetes, AIDS, kidney disease or metabolic or congenital errors
Lactose free milk etc. (Any other, any two)

Q3. Why Vitamin A is needed?

Ans. Vitamin A is needed for

Healthy epithelium
Normal vision
Growth
Immunity

Q4. Prerit has got a job in a ‘7 star’ hotel. What benefits Prerit will get from this job?

Ans. Benefits of doing job in a ‘7-star’ hotel

It has a luxurious atmosphere. If he works there, he will come in contact with many famous and important people.
It is an international industry, hence he will get opportunity to work abroad.
When he gets well trained and experienced, he may be appointed in opening hotels and other catering establishments in different countries.
It will give him opportunity to work in beautiful locations.

Q5. Give reasons that increased the demand and need for different types of products and new technology.

Ans.

Changes in lifestyle
Increasing mobility
Globalization
India has progressed from an agro-deficit to an agro-surplus country.

Q6. How many types of food-borne diseases spread from microbial pathogens ? Give examples also.

Ans.

Infection eg. Salmonella.
Poisoning eg. Staphylococcus aureus.

Q7. What do you understand by Caregiver ? In the absence of mother, which two people can look after one year Sonu ?

Ans. Caregiver is a family member or paid helper who regularly looks after a child or a sick, elderly or differently abled person. Sonu can be looked after by the following two peoplei.

Grandparents
Maid

Q8. Our school system is not quite equipped to provide education to children with disabilities. Why?

Ans. The primary reason is that during the training general education teachers may have not been oriented adequately to special methods that are required to work with students who have different kind of needs.

Q9. What are some concerns in terms of elderly?

Answer- Some concerns in the context of old persons

Health is a major concern. Older persons are more susceptible to diseases due to less physiological strength and defense mechanisms. Disabilities such as vision loss and blindness due to cataract, deafness due to nerve disorder, difficulty in walking due to arthritis and a general inability to take care of themselves can occur.
Pains of Loneliness – They suffer the pangs of loneliness as their children get married or go out of the family to earn a livelihood.
They become financially dependent on their children, due to which they feel stressed.
In city life, they also experience the feeling of becoming a burden on others due to small family, nuclear family, lack of time to care for the elderly, limited space to live or high cost of living.
Sometimes concerns like privacy, long working hours of family members, independence, materialism, focus on self are also responsible for the inability to adequately care for the elderly.

Q10. Give difference between Restful and Stimulating colours.

Ans. Restful or receding colours are light rays of short wavelengths like- green, blue, purple. Stimulating or advancing colours are light rays of longer wavelengths like- red, orange, yellow.

Q11. What is the difference between style and fashion?

Ans.

Style is the special appearance of a garment or its accessories.
One or several styles which are the most prevalent in a given period are called fashions. Style comes and goes in fashion.

Q12. Explain the importance of fabric inspection before the process of apparel production.

Ans. Fabric inspection is one of the most important step in the process of production.

The cost of raw material in any garment is about 70%, out of which 90% or above is that of the fabric.
In case the fabric is not inspected properly, the cost factor of the fabric component in the garment would increase leading to less profits and in some cases, looses.

Q13. What do you understand by the dry cleaning shops (waterless washing shops?)

Ans- In the dry cleaning shops, people give some special clothes for cleaning. Here the customers give clothes to be washed, and after a few days they take back the washed clothes. These customers can be any person or an organization. Some washing houses also provide service to collect and deliver materials from the customer. These also serve small institutions like small hotel, hostels, restaurants and nursing homes. Some shops also have units for pre-treatment such as darning, repairing and dyeing of textiles.

Q14. What is the main purpose of Job analysis?

Ans.

To prepare job description and job specification.
To document the requirements of a job and the work performed.
To determine the actual number of manpower needed.
To determine the skills that manpower should have.

Q15. Which departments come under Support Service department.

Ans. Following departments come under Support Service department.

Finance and account’s department.
Engineering department.
Human resource department.
Sales and marketing department.

Q16. What is Ecomark? This is given by which agency?

Ans. Ecomark is given on products which do not cause pollution like soap, detergent, paint, paper, cosmetics. Ecomark standardization mark is given by Bureau of Indian Standards (B.1.S.)

Q17. How are communication and development interlinked?

Answer– Different methods of communication make the population at large aware of various technological advancements and discoveries. Through various means of communication, people can communicate with various government agencies to express their grievances and concerns. Further, any development at any place, if the public or community is informed by the media, will similarly improve the condition of the society.

Q18. Write any four strengths of magazines.

Ans.

Audience selectivity
High credibility
High quality production
Long life

Short answer questions (3 marks)

Q1. How can the traditional occupations of India be improved?

Ans. Ways for improvement in these occupations.

Establishment of training facilities.
Design innovations.
Use of Eco friendly raw materials.
Preservation and refinement strategies.
New and attractive packaging.
Protection of intellectual property right

Q2. Pawan uses too much fat and sugar in his diet and does not take fibrous material at all. Educate him by showing the importance of good nutrition.

Answer. Proper nutrition/ good nutrition/ adequate nutrition is important –

to provide immunity.
Provide immunity and protection from infection.
For health benefits from various types of diseases.
To deal with incurable diseases.

Excessive consumption of sugar and fat along with low or no fiber consumption and lack of physical activity can cause Pawan to suffer from diabetes soon. It has been found in studies that eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy products and lard meat or pulses reduces the risk of heart disease. Therefore, good, and adequate nutrition is very important.

Q3. Name various Nutrient Deficiency control programmes.

Ans.

National Prophylaxis programme for prevention of blindness due to Vitamin A deficiency.
National Anemia Control Programme.
National Iodine Deficiency disorder control programme.

Q4. What is management in food service? What are the 6 M’s of resources?

Ans. Management is a process of using resources to achieve goals through various interacting elements.

6 M’s of resources are

MONEY
MATERIAL
MAN
MACHINES
MINUTES
MARKETS

Q5. Classify foods based on perishability

Ans.

Perishable foods – are foods that spoil quickly within one or two days eg. milk, curds, meat and fish.
Semi perishable foods – can last for 1-2 weeks eg. fruits and vegetables. Root crops like onions and potatoes last for 2-4 weeks.
Non-perishable foods – are those foods that generally last for one year eg. grains like rice, wheat, pulses and dals, oilseeds.

Q6. How many types of food hazards are there?

Ans. Food hazards can be of three types

Physical Hazard- It is any physical material normally not found in food, which causes illness or injury which includes wood, stone, parts of pest and hair.
Chemical Hazard- These are chemicals or deleterious substances which may be intentionally or unintentionally added to foods. Example- pesticides, preservatives, food colours etc.
Biological Hazard- These are living organisms and include microbiological organisms.

Q7. Mrs. Kusum wants to select a good preschool for her three year old child. You explain her what characteristics should be there in a good preschool?

Ans. A good preschool should have the following characteristics

Child centred approach.
Playway method of learning.
Child should learn quickly among peers.
Informal education so that the child gets prepared for formal school
Child should become independent.
Child should enjoy company of good peers.

Q8. For special and inclusive education to be effective, which support services should be available to the children, educators and parents?

Ans. Support services

Resource materials for students with SEN and educators.
Transportation for students
Speech Therapy
Physical and occupational Therapy
Counselling for children, parents and educators.
Medical services.

Q9. Naveen is planning to open his own private institute for children/youth/elderly people. Guide him by mentioning six important points related to it.

Answer –

Acquiring information and developing understanding about children, youth and the elderly.
A clear and complete concept – what its goal is and how the organization will contribute to meeting the needs of the target group.
What will be the benefit to the targeted beneficiaries.
Combining the service / services provided.
Financial assistance for running the organisation.
Recruitment of staff with various skills and knowledge to oversee various aspects of the programme
Knowledge of activities based on organization registration formalities, recurring evaluation, and feedback.
Programme execution skills

Q10. Straight lines on garments are of three types. Give name of each type and write it’s one characteristic.

Ans. Three types of straight lines

Vertical lines- They give an illusion of height.
Horizontal lines- They give an illusion of width.
Oblique or diagonal lines- These lines increase or decrease width and height depending on the degree and direction of angle.

Q11. Describe the three primary skills that a fashion designer or merchandiser must possess.

Answer. Essential skills that a fashion designer and merchandiser should have.

Forecasting ability- Forecasting ability in relation to predict the future fashion trend based on past future and present fashion trends.
Analytical ability- They should know about the economy as a whole, know the economy of their specific companies and understand how certain styles can fit into the consumer’s budget so that they can get proper benefits from their capital investment.
Communicability- They should have the ability to negotiate with the manufacturer to fix prices and have the communicative ability to sell products to the public (through advertisements, newspapers etc.).

Q12. Explain with examples the three ways of packaging of garments.

Ans. Packaging of the garments can be done in following ways.

Hanger packed- some garments are hanger packed e.g. coats, jackets, suits, children’s dresses.
Fold packed- Some garments are folded without hanger and packed e.g. Shirts, T-shirts, track suits.
Folded & hanger packed- Some garments are folded and then packed in Hangers e.g. Trousers, pants and pajamas.

Q13. What are different methods used for water extraction in an automatic washing machine?

Ans- Water extraction Water is extracted after the wash phase and after each rinse phase of the cycle. This can be done in three ways

Spinning: Spinning at speeds exceeding 300 revolutions per minute (rpm) produces a centrifugal force, which draws water out of the clothes. This water is released into the drain by the pump
Bottom drain: Machines with perforated tubs stop at the end of wash phase and then at the end of the rinse process. The water filled in the tub of the machine is discharged through the bottorn. At the end of the drain period the tub spins rapidly, which removes the remaining water from the clothes.
Combination of spinning and bottom drain: Some machines drain through the bottom without stopping that is the bottom draining occurs during the spin period. This is the best method of removing water from the machine. This also removes the suspended dirt in the water as well.

Q14. Why Training and Development is necessary in an organisation?

Ans. Training and development is necessary in order to

Develop workers to undertake higher grade tasks
Provide the conventional training to new workers.
Raise efficiency and standards of performance.
Meet legislative requirement (eg. health and safety)
Inform and acquaint person/acclimatisation process for new employees.

Q15. Hospitality Industry has grown to provide. ‘A Home Away from Home.’ Why is this industry one of the fastest growing Industry?

Ans. This industry is growing fast due to the following reasons.

People travel for pilgrimage and to visit holy places.
People Travel to different countries for business purposes.
Medical tourism is also an upcoming field as people travel to seek health care.
Students also travel to different countries for studying.
Some people travel to visit heritage monuments and wild life.
People also travel to various places for experiencing different cultures.

For all the above reasons people need comforts and facilities similar to what they get at home.

Q17. What are the essential features of development communication?

Answer:

It is mainly helpful in making people informed, educated, and aware.
This is helpful for improving the standard of living of the people belonging to backward, weak, and neglected society / community.
The use of information on available technologies is helpful for the advancement of public community in education, health, agriculture, environment etc.
It is helpful in sensitizing people to the process of development and training them on issues related to an equal, just, and fair society.
Strengthens and provides persistence to governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and people-to-people affiliations.
It aims to increase knowledge and strengthen practical skills of students, current and future journalists, campaigners, and media professionals on development issues.

Q18. List various factors affecting the ‘mind set’ of audiences?

Ans. It is governed by multiple factors.

Socio-cultural factors
Economic factors
Political background
Education
Age
Gender

Long answer questions (4 marks)

Q1. What is the full form of K.G.B.V. Scheme? When was it started? Write its beneficiaries and objectives.

Ans.

It was launched in August 2004 under SSA.
It helps in implementing Right to Education Act (R.T.E.)
Beneficiaries
- Girls belonging to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes other backward classes and minorities.
- Girls belonging to below poverty line familes in educationally backward blocks and Dropout girls from rural and remote areas
Objectives
- To provide a safe educational environment for girls of backward classes and tribes,
- To educate dropout girls belonging to below poverty line families.
- To improve girls literacy rate.
- To help in implementing RTE Act of Government of India

Q2. Rakesh has been newly appointed as a dietician in a health club. To take proper health and nutritional care of the customers who come there, review what his role will be.

Answer. Rakesh may consider the following factors for customers coming to the health club Some factors that Dietitian consider while modifying diets for patients:

The pattern of food, the frequency of receiving different types of food, the diagnosis of the disease and the prescription given by doctor.
Health conditions and physical condition including the ability to eat, chew, swallow digest and absorb the frequency of food intake of various types, feeling of appetite and the like and dislike of the person.
Feeling of hunger, physical activities and lifestyle, occupation, cultural, ethnic practices, socio-economic background, and religious belief.
Nutritional stress.
Psychological stress.
Dietary and other food items.

Role of a dietician for customers of the health club

Assessing the nutritional status of the customers of the health club.
Analyzing nutritional requirements, providing advice
Helping them maintain their good nutritional status and stay healthy.
To ensure that every customer gets proper diet and adequate nutrition as well as developing personalized nutritional care plan for each.

Q3. List various food security programmes of India. Also write 4 other nutrition programmes operating in India.

Ans.

Food Security Programmes

Public Distribution System
Antodaya Anna Yojana
Annapurna Scheme
National Food for work programme.

Other Nutrition Programmes

Integrated Child development Services
Nutrient Deficiency Control Programme
Food Supplementation programmes
Self employment and wage employment schemes

Q4. Seema wants to work in Food service industry. Inform her the necessary skills required in this field.

Ans.

Should have interest in food. Regular update of trends in national and international cuisines should be there.
Should have the ability to have a good focus on quality, production, sanitation and food cost controls
Should have the ability to establish, maintain and enforce consistently high performance standards.
Should be friendly and outgoing person.
Good communication skills, both verbally and in writing, with interaction skills should be there
Should have good organising abilities.
Person himself should be pleasant, cheerful and energetic.
Should know multi-languages.
Should have the ability to be on his feet for long hours.

Q5. What are the reasons for preserving food? Why has the importance of food technology increased?

Ans.

Food items are processed to increase their shelf life.
With improved transportation, communication and increasing industrialisation the needs of consumers have became diverse.
Consumers expect foods that have better taste, being shelf stable, easy to package, store and transport.
Increasing demand for foods free of chemicals, pesticides and preservatives.
Demand for foods that have natural flavour and appearance
To meet the needs of working women.
Due to choice of seasonal foods throughout the year.
Due to new avenues of food security and employment.

Q6. “In spite of implementation of various rules and laws, biological food borne illnesses are still a serious concern”. Discuss.

Ans.

Human host, animal host and their interaction with humans and pathogen itself lead to emergence of new pathogens.
The environment including how food is produced, processed, handled and stored leads to emergence of new pathogens.
Genetic exchange or mutations in the organisms can create new strains with the potential to cause disease.
Exposure to new pathogens through changes in eating habits, climate.

Q7. Shalu wants to make a career in Early childhood. Which essential skills are required in her for this career ?

Ans. Essential skills that an Early Childhood professional needs to have –

Have an interest in children and their development.
Have knowledge about the needs and capabilities of young children.
Have capacity for interacting with children
Should be able to do creative and interesting activities with children.
Do all activities with children with enthusiasm like story telling, poem recitation, talking about about environment related topics etc.
Children have curious attitude, so there should be willingness and interest in answering their queries.
Young children are different from each other, capacity for understanding their individual differences.
Be always prepared for different types of physical activities.

Q8. Briefly explain the specific methods and procedures in special education that enable the special educators to teach children with SEN systematically.

Ans.

First an assessment of the child’s / student’s level in different areas of development and learning is undertaken for eg. In areas of cognitive development, language development or social skills.
Based on the assessment report, an Individualized Education Programme (IEP) is developed for each student that is used to guide work with the student.
Regular evaluation of the IEP is undertaken to determine whether learning and development goals are being met and to check the student’s progress.
All along, access and use of support services (eg. Speech therapy) are facilitated, so that special education has the desirable effect on the student.

Q9. What is Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan? Explain about any two programmes under the National Service Volunteer Scheme.

Answer: The Nehru Yuva Kendra’s were established in 1972 with the objective of providing opportunities for rural youth to participate in the process of nation building and at the same time for their personality and skill development. The Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) was established in the year 1987-88 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to oversee the work of these centers. NYKS is the largest grassroots voluntary organization of its kind in the world. It gives the right direction to the youth of 13-35 years of age based on the principles of voluntaryism, self-help, and community participation.

Programme Under National Service Volunteer Scheme:

Through various activities, self-reliance, secularism, socialism, democracy, national unity, and scientific temper has to be practiced among the youth.
Some activities like formal education, social service camps, organizing youth sports, cultural and entertainment programs, vocational training, youth leadership training camps and youth clubs are encouraged and established.
These activities are organized to make the out of school youths self-reliant, to make them literate and to develop mathematical skills.
They are aimed at improving their efficiency and making them aware of their growth prospects, in which youth can become functionally competent, economically productive, and socially useful.

Q10. Rohan wants to make his garments according to Related colour schemes. Explain him different related colour schemes so that he can choose properly.

Ans. Colour schemes which are made using colours which lie near each other on the colour wheel are called Related colour schemes / harmonies. They have at least one common hue. They are of four types –

Monochromatic harmony – This colour scheme is based on one hue. Here one hue, with different values and intensities is used. eg. red, pink, mehroon.
Achromatic harmony – Only neutral colours are used in this colour scheme. eg. white, black
Accented neutral harmony – In this colour scheme, one neutral colour and one other colour are used. eg. white and red, black and yellow etc.
Analogous harmony – In this colour scheme, two or three neighbouring colours of the colour wheel are used eg. yellow, yellow green and green.

Q11. Your friend wants to pursue fashion design and merchandising as fashion trends is an essential part of this career. He can his career, guide him by telling about the options available.

Ans. Scope (Livelihoods in the field of Fashion Design)

Visual Merchandise Designer: These are responsible for the following tasks:
- Designing Window displays
- Store arrangement
- Creating attractive props and accents.
- Organising clothing placements
- Styling mannequins
- Spearheading advertising campaigns
Fashion designer: The following tasks to be done
- Specific work of clothing and apparel design.
- Working with popular designers.
- Doing your own fashion work.
Set designer they are assigned for
- Conceptualize designs needed for movies television and theatre production
- Producing set designs for trade exhibits and museums
Interior Designer:
- To combine form with function.
- Introduce interior concepts in a particular place or area that enhances its beauty, security and functionality like retail shops, houses, offices, hotels etc.

Q12. Radhika wants to built a career in garment industry. Suggest her some courses which can help her train for a career in garment industry.

Ans.

She can apply for some certificate programmes which are for a period of a few weeks to a few months.
Diploma programme offered for a period of 1 year to 3 years.
Degree programmes of 3-4 years are offered by selected insitutes accross the country.
There are also engineering programmes that offer ‘Apparel Production’ as a specialisation choice.

Q13. What is the function of a dryer in a machine? Describe its different methods of operation.

Ans- Drying Equipment and Process:- Driers are used to dry clothes at commercial and institutional levels.

There are two types of operations in dryers:

Air of relatively low temperature is circulated at high velocity: In this system room air enters the drier from the bottom of the front panel and passes over the heat source. Hot air passes through the clothes and then leaves through an exhaust pipe. This allows room temperature and humidity to remain normal.
Slow circulation of high temperature air. In this system, when the air enters the dryer and passes over the top of the heat source, it is pulled by a small fan through the perforations in the upper part of the dryer. This air then moves downwards through the clothes and gets out through the exhaust.The expelled air has high relative humidity.

Q14. Explain the process of job analysis –

Ans. Job analysis is the process used to collect information about the duties, responsibilities, necessary skills, outcomes and work environment to perform a particular job. Job analysis is performed a basis for-

describing a job.
task performance
developing performance appraisals
selection systems
promotion criteria
training
determination of requirements
compensation plans.

Q15. Write about any four establishments which provide hospitality services.

Ans. Hospitality – Hospitality is the relationship between the guest and the host. It is the act/ practice of being hospitable including friendly generous reception /welcoming of guest their entertainment and providing services with warmth and courteousness. Different type of establishments which offer hospitality services are

Hotel- A hotel is a commercial establishment offering lodging, meals and other services to its guests.
Motel- A motel provides services like a hotel and provides parking facility near the room or a room door that opens out into the parking lot.
Lodge- A Lodge offers rented accommodation especially for sleeping and may not offer food and other services.
Resort- It offers a broad range of amenities, sports facilities

Q16. According to Consumer Protection Act consumer has been given which all rights? Make their list. Explain any one right in details?

Ans. Consumer Protection Act gives six rights to consumers. These are as follows –

Right to safety
Right to be informed
Right to choose
Right to be heard
Right to seek redressal
Right to Consumer Education

Right to Safety – This refers to the right to be protected against hazardous effect that may be caused to the health / life of a consumer. This right specifies that the consumer has the right to be protected against products, production processes and services which are hazardous to health or life.

Q17. ‘Radio holds higher importance than print media or television as a source of Development communication’? Review the role of radio in this field.

Answer: Radio is the most popular as a development communication source-

Radio and Television

Radio and television are the most popular, cheapest, and convenient mass media, which can be used for the purpose of development.
Radio remains the most accessible source of information, education, and entertainment for many people in our country.
It is a mobile medium i.e., it can move with the listener at work or rest.
Radio broadcasting is more beneficial than journalism i.e., print media, as it can be used for more and more persons, especially those of poor literacy levels. Because those who cannot read or write, the radio is suitable to inform them about what is happening around them.

Public Service Announcement

There is usually a short message of 10-60 seconds in between the programme as a rhyme or jingles.
Basically, these are advertisements of an idea or message for the betterment of the people, such as ‘Follow the traffic rules’, ‘Say no to tobacco’, ‘One step towards cleanliness’ and more.
In general, they are highly effective because of their catchy slogans and repetition of broadcasts.

Community Radio

After the popularity of radio, All India Radio introduced a new format under which radio programmes were broadcast in a limited area where geographical and social status were same. This format is called local radio or community radio.
UNESCO defines community radio, that “Radio, by community, for the community and about the community.” Community radio is not for profit.
It is brought or controlled by the local people.
The biggest advantage of community radio is that the contents broadcasted are for local use and in their local dialect, such as programmes related to community interest issues, poverty alleviation, gender inequality, health, sanitation, and so on.
NGOs and educational institutions are licensed to set up a local community radio station to disseminate information and messages on developmental aspects.
It ensures public participation at all potential levels.
It also encourages youth to prepare for a career in Development Communication Journalism (DCJ).

Q18. “A single communication vehicle seldom reaches everyone in the target audiences”. Explain.

Ans. Media – Media means medium / channel/vehicle and media mix /IEC/BCC

Different media have different delivery features. A single communication vehicle is not generally able to reach everyone in the target audience due to variation in the level of reach, availability and accessibility and proper exposure of audience to the media. Therefore it includes.
Decision on use of ‘one or more number of media vehicles in one production’ as per the requirement, audience type, budget, reach, accessibility and availability facility of channel to the intended audiences.
Decision on use of ‘result oriented media planners to maximize the use/enhance penetration of all types of media channels that connect with the audience.
Decisions on use of ‘one or more number of media methods mix in one production ‘as per the requirement, audience type, budget, reach and availability of media to maximise the possibility of understanding the message easily in a heterogeneous audience group.
Decision on using “result oriented media planners to maximise the use of “all type of media mix’ that connects with audience again to provide a variety to make message more understandable in a heterogeneous audience group.

Long answer questions (5 marks)

Q1. What are life skills? Write their contribution in success of an entrepreneur. Enumerate any 6 life skills.

Ans. Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Need of Life skills for an entrepreneur

Life skills help an entrepreneur to deal effectively with challenging or adverse situations faced during establishment of an enterprise.
They help to prevent negative behaviour.

Ten core sets of skills identified by experts

- Self-awareness
- Communication
- Decision making
- Creative Thinking
- Coping with emotions
- Empathy
- Interpersonal relationship
- Problem solving
- Critical thinking
- Coping with stress

Q2. Reshma has been working on the post of Chief Dietician in a reputed hospital in the city for three years. In this context, explain briefly about the following:

1. As a successful professional dietician, which two important skills would Reshma be having?

2. What necessary educational qualifications will she have?

3. How does Study of clinical nutrition and dietetics enable medical nutrition professional?

Answer-

(A) As a successful professional dietician, Reshma will have the following two important skills –

Assessing nutritional status of patients using clinical and biochemical parameters.
Preparation of customized diet plan as per the requirement of individual patients and specific disease conditions.
Communication skills for dietary counseling.
Knowledge of cultural environment, food prohibition.
Skill in laboratory research and experimental design with patients to explore the utility of various diets, medicines, and nutritional supplements.

(B) Essential Qualifications for Dieticiani.

After passing 10+2 level, B.Sc. Home Science or B.Sc. Degree in Nutrition Science, Life Sciences, Biochemistry, Microbiology or Biotechnology
Sc. Post Graduate Diploma in Dietetics
Qualification certificate as a Registered Dietitian (RD), with internship

(C) Study of clinical nutrition and dietetics enables the professionals to:

- Thoughtfully plan the diet for the nutritional needs of different levels of the life cycle,
- Make changes in diet keeping in mind the physical condition, employment, ethnic and socio-economic background, treatment rules in various conditions of the disease and likes-dislikes of the patient,
- Planning of food for the workers working in the industries, for the players and in specific circumstances like in space, for those working in submarines, for the people of defense services,
- Promote the health and well-being of patients or outpatients admitted to hospitals as well as patients in institutional settings,
- Managing dietary services in a variety of institutions such as elderly homes, schools, orphanages, etc.
- Helping patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to prevent complications and improve their quality of life,
- Promote better capacity of holistic care services and contribute to better living and health benefits in the form of better patient care management in better health and health care institutions in the community.

Q3. What are the responsive factors of poor nutrition or under nutrition ?

Ans.

(i) Immediate causes at individual level –

Inadequate faulty dietary intake
Disease

(ii) Underlying causes at Household/Family level

Insufficient access to food.
Inadequate maternal and child care practices
Poor water/sanitation and hygiene
Inadequate health services and insufficient access to health services.
Inadequate and/or inappropriate knowledge and discrimination against women, elderly and girl child.
Inadequate education.

(iii) Basic Causes

- Quantity and quality of actual resources e.g human resources, financial and organisational (existence of services and the way they are operated and controlled).
- Political, cultural, religious, economic and social systems. This includes status of women, allocation of funds for programmes to solve the problems, environmental degradation and biodiversity.
- Potential resources, environment, technology and people.

Q4. Food service systems are of how many types ? Briefly explain each of them.

Ans. Food service systems are of four types. They are as follows

- Conventional food service system – In this, food is prepared in a kitchen on the premises where the food is to be served. After food preparation, it is immediately served too like in restaurant, hostel, hospital.
- Commissary food service system – In this system, food is prepared centrally at one place, but it is distributed to several remote areas of final preparation and service. like – chains of restaurants (Cafe Coffee Day, Barista).
- Ready – prepared food service system – In this system, food items are prepared well in advance before the time of service and kept forzen till they are to be used so that they do not spoil. like – paranthas, samosas, cutlets, french fries etc.
- Assembly – service system – In this system, fully prepared foods are purchased from manufacturers and only finishing processes such as seasoning, thawing, reheating is done at the place of service. These operations require minimal cooking at the point of service. like – panipuri, bhelpuri etc.

Q5. What knowledge and skills are necessary in a food technology profession ?

Ans. A food technologist requires knowledge and skills about –

- Food science, food chemistry, microbiology, food processing, safety/ quality assurance, good manufacturing practices and nutrition.
- Analysis of raw and cooked/ manufactured foods for composition, quality and safety.
- Food ingredients, their uses in food preparations, and food production on a large scale.
- Product specifications and food product development.
- Sensory evaluation and acceptability.
- Industrial practices, systems control, distribution channels, consumer purchase patterns.
- Food packaging, and Labeling.
- Ability to use information technology to support product design.
- Carry out sensory evaluation.
- Skills in food preparation and cooking
- Ability to design, analyse, follow a design brief and adapt recipes.

Q6. In which year The Food Safety and Standards Act was passed? What are its main objectives?

Ans. FSSAI 2006- Since the government had several regulations and laws, food industry found it complicated. A need was therefore felt to integrate all such laws for regulating the quality of food with this in view, Indian Government has passed Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 2006, to bring different pieces of legislation pertaining to food safety under one umbrella.

OBJECTIVES

- To consolidate the laws relating to food.
- To lay down science based standards for food.
- To regulate food manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import.
- To ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption.
- The Act has provisions for maintenance of hygiene conditions in and around manufacturing premises, assessment and management of risk factors to human health in scientific manner.

Q7. Write down the guiding principles of Early Childhood Care and Education, as per the National Curriculum Framework 2005.

Ans. As per the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, the guiding principles of E.C.C.E. ( Early Childhood Care and Education) are –

- Play should be the basis for learning.
- Art should be the basis of education.
- Special features of children’s thinking should be recognised.
- Give importance to experience rather than expertise.
- There should be experience of familiarity and challenge in everyday routines.
- There should be a mix of formal and informal interactions.
- There should be a blend of textual and cultural sources.
- Local materials, arts and knowledge should be used.
- Have developmentally appropriate practices, flexibility and plurality.
- It is important to teach health, well being and healthy habits.

Q8. What do you understand by inclusive education. What is the philosophy behind this approach ? Briefly explain several models of special /inclusive education.

Ans. When children / students with SEN study in general classrooms with their peers, the arrangement is called ‘inclusive education’. The philosophy that guides this approach is –

Students with diverse needs (educational, physical, social and emotional) are placed together in age appropriate classes/ groups such that the students can optimally achieve their learning potential.
The school makes suitable adjustments and modifications in its curriculum, teaching methods and physical set up to facilitate their education.

Models of special /inclusive education

- Some schools impart education exclusively to children with disabilities like intellectual impairment, cerebral palsy or visual impairment by special educators.
- Inclusive Education – An inclusive school has facilities for children with special educational needs and are placed with other students in regular classrooms. In this system, the special educators provide pedagogical support to the regular teachers.
- Integrated Education – emphasises placement of children with disability in mainstream school. The special educator then coordinates work with regular teachers and provides extra inputs to the students in a Resource Room of the School.

Q9. Kusum has to go to a remote area to deliver a lecture on ‘Aged in India’, a project on social work. Help Kusum by making a list of ten ongoing programs for the elderly in the country.

Answer: Programs for Older Persons:

- Old Age Homes to provide food, care and shelter.
- Respite Care Homes and Continuous Care Homes for Older Persons who live in old age homes but are seriously ill requiring continuous nursing care and respite.
- Providing mobile medical care units for the elderly living in rural, remote, and backward areas.
- Research, Advocacy and Awareness building programmes in the field of Ageing.
- Programmes to build and strengthen intergenerational relationships particularly between children/youth and elderly.
- Programmes for providing Institutional as well as Non iinstitutional Care/Services to the elderly.
- Multi-Service Centers for Older Persons to provide daycare, educational and entertainment opportunities, healthcare, companionship.
- Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) for the elderly aged 60 years or above.
- Disability and hearing aids for the elderly.
- Physiotherapy clinics, physical therapy centers for the elderly
- Help lines and Counseling Centers for older persons.

Q10. What do you understand by texture of fabrics? Which are the four factors which determine the texture?

Ans. Texture is the sensory impression of sight and touch and refers to the tactile and visual qualities of the material. Factors which determine the texture in textile materials

- Fibre content – fibre type (natural or man made ), its length and fineness and its surface characteristics.
- Yarn processing and yarn type- method of processing, twist inserted during processing, fineness of the yarn and type of yarn.
- Fabric construction technique- weaving (type of weave and its compactness), knitting,felting, braiding or lace making.
- Fabric finishes- stiffening (starching, sizing or gumming), ironing, calendaring, tentering, napping, fulling.

Q11. Outline the major steps in development of fashion.

Ans. Fashion Development—

- The ancient and medieval styles did not change for almost a century. Fashion changes were encouraged by Western civilization due to globalization.
- Fashion Hub France
  - France’s dominance in international fashion began in the 18th century.
  - The style of royal costumes of Emperor Louis XIV and his court members made Paris the fashion capital of Europe.
  - The silk, ribbon and lace for the items of the emperors and courtiers were supplied from different cities of France and the garments were hand-stitched according to the person’s size or measurements.
  - The art of garment making was called Couture. The man who designed the garment was called couturier and the woman counterpart was a couturiere.
- The industrial revolution marked the beginning of technological advances in textile and apparel production.
  - Due to the invention of spinning machine and machine looms, more items started being manufactured in a short time.
  - The invention of the sewing machine transformed handicrafts into an industry. In 1859 Issac Singer developed the foot treadle for the sewing machine.
  - In 1849 Levi Strauss made pants using clothes intended for tents and wagon covers, with pockets to hold tools. These became popular and were known as ‘denims’.
- From the 1880s, the practice of wearing skirt blouses by women was the first step towards the manufacture of ready to wear clothing.
- By 19th century affordable fashion were made available to the general public through fairs and and Bazaars. This helped both buyers and sellers to bargain according to their need.
- Due to large number of people settling in towns and a growing demand for a variety of goods, general stores and retail shops were set up.

Q12. Name the additional stage of Apparel Production and discuss about it in detail.

Ans. The additional stage is ‘Value Addition which is a term used to indicate any process that adds to the total cost of the product and hence increases the value of the product.

- It increases the use and serviceability/functionality of the product as well as its aesthetic appeal.
- This includes special finishes to yarn and fabric eg. Sandwash or enzymewash for denims,
- Surface ornamentation such as prints and embroideries.
- This could be done before, during or after assembly of the product.

Q13. What are the different types of Washing machines? Briefly write the working of a fully automatic machine. Which materials are commonly used for making agitators in washing machine and why?

Ans- Washing machines are found in two types of models

Top loading
Front loading

These models can be of three types:

Hand operated- In these machines 50% or more of the work is done manually by the operator.
Semi-automatic- These machines have two tubs. These machines require the intervention of the person washing clothes, periodically. The rinse water has to be filled into the machine and then drained out with each cycle.
Fully automatic machine- In these machines, the washing, rinsing and squeezing of the garments is done automatically by the machine in a single tub. It does not require the intervention of the person once it is set. All controls for water filling, heating to a certain temperature, wash cycle, and number of rinses are set once, and then garments are put in the machine. The machine turns off automatically after a certain time.

Agitators of the washing machine are made from materials such as plastic, aluminium or bakelite. These substances are not affected by different types of detergents, bleaching agents, softeners etc.

Q14. What are the career options for Human Resource Professionals?

Ans.

Corporate Human Resource Management– The role of a Human Resource Manager in the corporate sector is to search, select and recruit suitable qualified staff for the organisation. A bachelor’s degree is management allows entry into a junior cadre of Human Resource Management.
Training and Development– The job of the Training and Development Team is to train Human Resource Managers who is turn train employees of their organisation. They often hold workshop on behavioural skills.
Recruitment Consulting– The general requirement to become a recruitment consultant is an MBA with specialization in Human Resource.
HR Consulting– Organisation employ the services of the consultants to find solutions or help tide over issues relating to people in the organisation. HR consultants decide who need to be retained, terminated/services discontinued or promoted.
Career Counseling The field includes the paid services of private organisations, schools/college that provides career counseling to their students by conducting behavioural tests.
Academic Institutions- If a person is keen to teach Human Resource then a post graduate degree in Human Resource, Training and development or Doctorate in the same field would make him eligible to teach Human Resources.

Q15. What are the career opportunities available in the field of Hospitality industry?

Ans.

Position in housekeeping departments at various hierarchical levels.
Entrepreneurial opportunities in house keeping.
Positions in front office and reception / control desk.
Entrepreneurial opportunities for supply of flower arrangements.
As a interior decorator.

Q16. What are the responsibilities of a good consumer.

Ans. Consumer Responsibilities –

Consumer should regularly update his knowledge of various laws made by the government.
He should be honest in all his dealings of all products (goods / services).
Before making a purchase, consumer should do a market survey so that he can compare the prices and make a wise choice.
Consumer should feel free to choose from various options available, as per his needs and do not get persuaded by someone.
Before purchasing, he should read all the information given on the label / brochure.
He should purchase only goods with standardization marks, which are of good quality.
While buying any product, take proper bill. Keep this bill and other important documents safely.
In case of purchasing services like insurance, credit card, bank deposits etc., he should read and understand all terms and conditions.
Many national and international consumer organisations are working for the benefit of consumers. He should understand their work and activities. It would be beneficial to become member of any such organisation.

Q17. Explain in detail any of the five skills needed for career in the field of development communication journalism.

Answer:

1. Cognitive Skills

Before writing or presenting effectively about a problem, it is necessary to understand the problem thoroughly and to present it in a constructive manner (which can attract the attention of others and influence them).

2. Creative Skills

There is also a need to have creative skills.
A person working in a mass media house or advertising agency with the skills in media designing, production and operation of technical instrument handling along with cognitive and creative skills will have an advantage while undertaking assignments or jobs .He will always be in a position to benefit from others.

3. Technical Skills

Development communication and journalism professionals need to learn the technical skills to operate equipment correctly to optimise their presentations.
Those interested to work as a development filmmaker, need to know camera techniques and video production apart from content development and implementation.
They should be aware of all laws and regulations so that they know what they can and cannot do.
They need to learn about the computers used to operate the station, basic radio production skills using suitable software and how to write a creative brief that effectively communicates.

4. Presentation Skills

For a career in DCJ, a combination of journalistic and presentation skills is required.
Interest in current affairs and local conditions, hands-on experience in radio, the ability to communicate and knowledge of music are useful.

5. Questioning ability

The ability to question helps to know the subtle details of any problem. Passion for adventure and travel are added advantages.

6. Ability to work with diverse groups.

DCJ professionals needs to be people centric to understand people’s viewpoint on issues affecting their lives and find solutions which will work for them.
It is important to know the principles of social work.
Leadership skills and excellent intra-personal skills.
Should be a good listener to write with sensitivity.

7. Language and computer skills

Command in any one language is important and includes speaking, writing, and reading with an ability to write technical reports and documents.
Knowledge of the basic skills of the computer is desirable for success, which include various computer software and applications- such as Google Doc, Google Sheet Microsoft Office such as Word, Excel and Power Point etc.

Q18. What is the scope of media management, design and production?

Ans.

The student of media management get exposure through case studies and internships. Students assignment include the analysis of development and progress of media in the society.
Many existing businesses, require people who can handle the use of media for advertising, promotion, image building. Therefore, people with media planning and management experience and degree in communication will be valued in lot of industries.
Print media, advertising, man media, electronic media web publishing and mass communication have opened up a new spectrum of job opportunities.
With the explosion of television channels and a number of 24/7 channels it has opened up career opportunities in electronic media.
Career options are present in public broad casting agencies like Doordarshan and All India Radio or in private broad casters.
Other fields like direction, production, camera, graphics, editing, sound, programme research, script writing etc also offer careers to media students.
Moreover one can open his /her own TV/FM Radio Channel.

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