Heredity and Evolution Test

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Heredity and Evolution Test - 36

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Weekly Quiz Competition

Question 1
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A woman has only daughters. Which of the following is the suitable explanation for it?

A
The man produces sperms with either X and Y chromosomes but only the sperms with Y chromosomes are viable.

B
The man produces sperms with either X and Y chromosomes but only the sperms with X chromosomes are viable.

C
The man produces sperms with either X and Y chromosomes and all are viable.

D
The man produces sperms that have only X chromosomes and all are viable.
Solution
- The sex of the child is determined at the time of fertilization when male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. The gametes of males contain either the X chromosome or Y chromosome and the gametes of females contain only X chromosomes.
- If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg then the offspring will be a female child. This is because the offspring will have a XX combination of sex chromosomes. If a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg then the offspring will be a male child. This is because the offspring will have an XY combination of sex chromosomes.
If a woman has only daughters, it can be inferred that every time the male gamete having the X chromosome is fusing with the egg of the female. And therefore, the woman has only daughters.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Question 2

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Match the following lists and choose the correct option.

	List I		List II
A.	Genetic changes	1.	Homologous organ
B.	Independent inheritance	2.	Fossil
C.	Natural selection	3.	Analogous organ
D.	Dihybrid ratio	4.	XY
E.	Male human beings	5.	9 : 3 : 3 : 1
F.	Wing of a bat and a wing of a bird	6.	Darwin
G.	Remnant of ancient animals	7.	Mendel
H.	Arm of a man and wing of a bird	8.	DNA copying

A- 8, B- 7, C- 6, D- 5, E- 4, F- 3, G- 2, H- 1

A- 8, B- 6, C- 7, D- 5, E- 4, F- 3, G- 2, H- 1

A- 7, B- 8, C- 6, D- 5, E- 4, F- 3, G- 2, H- 1

A- 8, B- 7, C- 6, D- 5, E- 4, F- 2, G- 3, H- 1

Solution

DNA copying or DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. This biological process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance.

The laws of inheritance were derived by Gregor Mendel, a nineteenth-century Austrian monk conducting hybridization experiments in garden peas (Pisum sativum) .

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness) of individuals that differ in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

The phenotypic ratio, or the relative numbers of offspring with each phenotype, for a dihybrid cross is always the same. It is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Each number can be determined by counting up boxes with the same phenotype in the Punnett square.

The sex of an individual is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes. Females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX) while the males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY).

Analogous organs are the opposite of homologous organs, which have similar functions but different origins. An example of an analogous trait would be the wings of insects, bats and birds that evolved independently in each lineage separately after diverging from an ancestor without wings.

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.

Homology in animals- Organs such as bat's wing, wings of birds, seal's flipper, forelimb of a horse, and human arm have common underlying anatomy that was present in their last common ancestors; therefore their forelimbs are homologous organs.

Question 3
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Organisms phenotypically similar but genotypically different are said to be

A
Heterozygous

B
Monozygous

C
Multizygous

D
Homozygous

Solution

Heterozygous condition promotes similar phenotype but differ in genotype. Example TT and Tt both expresses tall phenotype.
Question 4
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Fill the blank circles in figure marked as A and B. Identify the sex of child A and B.

A
A-Girl (XX) , B-Boy (XY)

B
A-Boy (XY) , B-Girl (XX)

C
A (XX) and B (XY) both girl

D
A (XX) and B (XY) both boy

Solution

Parents: XX x XY
Gametes: X X Y
Offspring: XX (girl), XY (boy)
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
Question 5
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If in a garden pea plant, a cross is made between red-flowered (RR) and white-flowered (rr) plants. What will be the phenotypic ratio in F$$_{2}$$ generation?

A
1 : 2 : 1

B
9 : 3 : 3 : 1

C
3 : 1

D
1 : 3

Solution

RR (Red flower) X rr (White flower) $$\rightarrow$$ Rr (F$$_{1}$$ generation)
Selfing of F$$_{1}$$ gives following F$$_{2}$$ generation:

R r
R RR (Red) Rr (Red)
r Rr (Red) rr (White)
The offspring are: 1 RR - Homozygous red-flowered plants
2 Rr - Heterozygous red-flowered plants
1 rr - Homozygous white-flowered plant
Thus, the phenotypic ratio in F$$_{2}$$ generation is 3 red : 1 white.

So, the correction option is 'C'.
Question 6
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What are the differences between inherited and acquired characters?

A
Inherited characters - Characters that are passed on from parents to offspring.
Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.

B
Inherited characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.
Acquired characters - Characters that are passed on from parents to offspring.

C
Inherited characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime and can be transmitted to next generation.
Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.

D
Inherited characters - Characters that are passed on from offspring to parents.
Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime and can be transmitted to next generation.
Solution
- Acquired traits cannot be passed on genetically. Acquired traits include things such as calluses on fingers, larger muscle size from exercise, or from avoiding predators.
- Inherited traits must come from a parent or other ancestor. A trait may seem to skip one or more generations, but if a trait shows up it must have been present in an ancestor.
- Mutations are the exception to this rule. Inherited traits include things such as hair colour, eye colour, muscle structure, bone structure, etc. Inheritable traits are traits that get passed down from one generation to the next generation.
Hence, the correct answer is 'A'.
Question 7
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In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or a female child is 50:50. Which of the following is the cause behind it?

A
The sex of an infant is determined by the type of sex chromosome contributed by the male gamete.

B
The ratio of male gametes containing X chromosome and those containing Y chromosome is 50:50.

C
Both A and B.

D
None of these
Solution
The sex of an infant is determined by the type of sex chromosome contributed by the male gamete. A male produces two types of sperms, one type bears 22+X composition and the other, 22+Y. Therefore, a male has 50% sperms with X chromosomes and the other 50% with Y chromosomes.
Anyone of the two types of the sperms can fertilize the egg. If a Y bearing sperm fertilizes the egg, the zygote will be a male (XY) and when X bearing sperm fertilizes the egg, the resulting zygote will be female (XX). Since the ratio of the X chromosome and the Y chromosome in a male gamete is 50:50. The statistical probability of male or female infants is also 50:50.
Question 8
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Which of the following is the reason for the appearance of new combinations of characters in the F$$_{2}$$ progeny?

A
The tall/short and round/wrinkled seed traits are independently inherited

B
The tall/short and round/wrinkled seed traits are not independently inherited

C
The tall/short and round/wrinkled seed traits are linked

D
None of these
Solution
The reasons for the appearance of new combinations of characters in the F$$_2$$ progeny: the tall/short and round/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited.
The reason for the appearance of new combinations in the F$$_2$$ generation is given by the law of independent assortment. The law of independent assortment states that:
When two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, one pair of characters segregates independently of the other pair of characters.
In a dihybrid cross between two plants having round yellow (RRYY) and wrinkled green seeds (rryy), four types of gametes (RY, Ry, rY, rr) are produced and each of these segregates independently of each other.
Question 9
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Two pea plants one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce $$F_{1}$$ progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When $$F_{1}$$ plants are selfed, the $$F_{2}$$ progeny will have a new combination of characters. Choose the new combination from the following.

(i) Round, yellow
(ii) Round, green
(iii) Wrinkled, yellow
(iv) Wrinkled, green

A
(i) and (ii)

B
(i) and (iv)

C
(ii) and (iii)

D
(i) and (iii)

Solution

Parents: RRyy (Round green) X rrYY (Wrinkled Yellow)
Gametes: Ry rY
F$$_1$$: RrYy

Selfing of F$$_1$$:   RrYy (Round yellow)   X RrYy (Round yellow)
Gametes: RY, Ry, rY and ry X RY, Ry, rY and ry

F$$_2$$: RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy (Round yellow)
RRYy, RRyy, RrYy, Rryy (Round yellow)
RrYY, RrYy,   RrYy, Rryy, (Round yellow)
rrYY, rrYy,  rrYy (Wrinkled yellow)
rryy (Wrinkled green)

The new combination of characters are: Round yellow and Wrinkled green. apart from parental combinations - Round green and Wrinkled yellow.
Question 10
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Directions For Questions

A group of red beetles lives on green leaves of a tree. Beetles multiply through sexual reproduction. One day, some green beetles are seen among the red beetles. Green beetles breed to produce green progeny. Crows on the tree eat beetles.

...view full instructions

Some green beetles appear among the red beetle because

A
Beetles become green by accumulating chlorophyll from the green leaves that they eat.

B
Natural variations occur during sexual reproduction.

C
Red beetles mimic green colour of leaves whenever they see crows.

D
Beetles change colour from red to green with change of season.
Solution
- Some green beetles appear among the red beetle because natural variations occur during sexual reproduction. Genetic variation is useful because it helps populations change over time.
- Variations that help an organism survive and reproduce are passed on to the next generation. Variations that hinder survival and reproduction are eliminated from the population.
- This process of natural selection can lead to significant changes in the appearance, behavior, or physiology of individuals in a population, in just a few generations.
- Once new alleles arise, meiosis and sexual reproduction combine different alleles in new ways to increase genetic variation.
So, the correct answer is 'Natural variations occur during sexual reproduction'.

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	R	r
R	RR (Red)	Rr (Red)
r	Rr (Red)	rr (White)

Heredity and Evolution Test - 36

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Heredity and Evolution Test - 36

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SHARING IS CARING

Question 1

The man produces sperms with either X and Y chromosomes but only the sperms with Y chromosomes are viable.

The man produces sperms with either X and Y chromosomes but only the sperms with X chromosomes are viable.

The man produces sperms with either X and Y chromosomes and all are viable.

The man produces sperms that have only X chromosomes and all are viable.

Solution

Question 2

A- 8, B- 7, C- 6, D- 5, E- 4, F- 3, G- 2, H- 1

A- 8, B- 6, C- 7, D- 5, E- 4, F- 3, G- 2, H- 1

A- 7, B- 8, C- 6, D- 5, E- 4, F- 3, G- 2, H- 1

A- 8, B- 7, C- 6, D- 5, E- 4, F- 2, G- 3, H- 1

Solution

Question 3

Heterozygous

Monozygous

Multizygous

Homozygous

Solution

Question 4

A-Girl (XX) , B-Boy (XY)

A-Boy (XY) , B-Girl (XX)

A (XX) and B (XY) both girl

A (XX) and B (XY) both boy

Solution

Question 5

1 : 2 : 1

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

3 : 1

1 : 3

Solution

Question 6

Inherited characters - Characters that are passed on from parents to offspring.Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.

Inherited characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.Acquired characters - Characters that are passed on from parents to offspring.

Inherited characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime and can be transmitted to next generation.Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.

Inherited characters - Characters that are passed on from offspring to parents.Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime and can be transmitted to next generation.

Solution

Question 7

The sex of an infant is determined by the type of sex chromosome contributed by the male gamete.

The ratio of male gametes containing X chromosome and those containing Y chromosome is 50:50.

Both A and B.

None of these

Solution

Question 8

The tall/short and round/wrinkled seed traits are independently inherited

The tall/short and round/wrinkled seed traits are not independently inherited

The tall/short and round/wrinkled seed traits are linked

None of these

Solution

Question 9

(i) and (ii)

(i) and (iv)

(ii) and (iii)

(i) and (iii)

Solution

Question 10

Beetles become green by accumulating chlorophyll from the green leaves that they eat.

Natural variations occur during sexual reproduction.

Red beetles mimic green colour of leaves whenever they see crows.

Beetles change colour from red to green with change of season.

Solution

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Inherited characters - Characters that are passed on from parents to offspring.
Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.

Inherited characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.
Acquired characters - Characters that are passed on from parents to offspring.

Inherited characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime and can be transmitted to next generation.
Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime but cannot be transmitted to next generation.

Inherited characters - Characters that are passed on from offspring to parents.
Acquired characters - Characters appearing in an individual's lifetime and can be transmitted to next generation.