Digestion and Absorption Test - 35

• Marasmus is a form of malnutrition.
•  Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition that results when a person does not consume enough protein and calories. Without these vital nutrients, energy levels become dangerously low and vital functions begin to stop. 
• A child with marasmus may not grow as children usually do. Hence, Marasmus disease is caused due to Protein deficiency.

Human lysozyme is an important enzyme, which is part of the human body's defense against some bacteria. It is found in abundance in tears, saliva and mucous.

Ptyalin is salivary amylase. It acts on dietary starch and breaks it into maltose and limit dextrin. Of the three pairs of salivary glands, ptyalin is secreted only, by the parotid gland.

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition, caused by a deficiency in dietary protein. It is characterised by the edema, irritability etc. Whereas rickets is the deficiency disorder of vitamin D, scurvy is the deficiency disorder of vitamin C and  carotenemia is caused by the excessive consumption of beta-carotene rich food. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

The gastric mucosa is present is in the inner wall of the stomach which secretes 1.2 to 1.5 litres of gastric juice per day. Gastric juice is a mixture of HCl, mucous and digestive enzymes which makes food particles soluble, initiates protein digestion and converts the gastric contents to a semiliquid mass called chyme, thus preparing it for further digestion in the small intestine. This juice is highly acidic because of its hydrochloric acid content, and it is rich in enzymes. 

The pancreatic proteolytic enzymes are secreted in inactive zymogen forms- trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase. The enterokinase is the enzyme, which activates trypsinogen by converting it to trypsin. The chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase are activated by trypsin. Enterokinase is secreted by the duodenal mucosa.

Rugae is a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. The gastric rugae (or gastric folds) in the stomach increases the surface area for more nutrient absorption. When food enters the stomach, these rugae become stretched. This allows expansion in volume of the stomach without increased pressure.

A) Correct option- D

• Both pepsin and trypsin are proteolytic enzymes.
• Pepsin is secreted in the stomach, whereas trypsin is a component of pancreatic juice.
• Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin in the stomach on exposure to hydrochloric acid. The optimum pH for the activity of pepsin is 1.8. 
• Pepsin is a strong endopeptidase and breaks proteins into smaller molecules like peptones, proteOses and peptides. 
• Trypsinogen is activated by the action of enterokinase into active trypsin. Enterokinase is secreted by the duodenal mucosa for activation of trypsinogen.
• Trypsin and chymotrypsin are endopeptidase types of enzymes and are active in alkaline pH i.e., 7.5 to 8.
• They dissociate proteins into peptones and proteoses

Correct Option: C

Explanation: 

• Argentaffin is found in the deep fundus part of the stomach.  It secretes hormone-like gastrin, serotonin, histamine.

• Goblet cells are mucus-producing cells. 

• Pepsinogen is an inactive zymogen that is secreted by chief cells. It is formed in the acidic environment of the stomach.

•  Parietal cells are present in the fundus-body region. It secretes hydrochloric acid and some intrinsic factors.

Hence, pepsinogen is secreted from the chief cells.

The stomach and the pancreas make zymogens of the proteases pepsin, chymotrypsin and trypsin and these zymogens are released into the gastric or duodenal lumen for activation. This happens to prevent the digestion of these organs' (stomach and pancreas) own cells and tissues by the active form of the enzymes. So the production of zymogens is a protective strategy against the natural effects of the proteolytic enzymes.