Digestion and Absorption Test - 82

• Physiological calories obtained from different food substances are - Carbohydrates give 4.0Kcal/g, Proteins give 4.0Kcal/g while fats give 9.0Kcal/g.
• So, energy from 5g sugar = 5 x 4Kcal = 20Kcal
• Energy from 4g albumin = 4 x 4Kcal = 16Kcal
• energy from 10g+2g fat = 12 x 9Kcal = 108Kcal
• lignin cannot be digested by humans because of the absence of digestive enzyme for lignin so no calories will be obtained from them. Ruminants are capable of digesting lignin.
• Adding all the above-obtained values we get 144Kcal.

So, the correct answer is '144'.

  Calories obtained from 1000g fats = 1000 x 9 = 9000 calories

Calories obtained from 1000g carbohydrates and 500g fats = 1000 x 4 + 500 x 9 = 9500 calories

Calories obtained from 2000g proteins and 1000g fats = 2000 x 4 + 1000 x 9 = 17,000 calories

Calories obtained from 927g carbohydrates and 100g proteins = 927 X 4 + 100 X 4 = 4108 calories  

So, the correct answer is 'A and B'.

Gastric juice is secreted by the stomach. It contains digestive enzymes pepsin and renin, hydrochloric acid, mucus. Renin converts casein convert into paracasein. Intestinal juice contains hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus and erepsin enzyme. erepsin enzyme digests dipeptides into amino acids. Saliva is secreted by salivary glands. It contains the enzyme ptyalin. It is also called as enzyme. It converts starch into simpler sugars like maltose and dextrin. Pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas. It contains enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. Chymotrypsinogen is a proteolytic enzyme. It hydrolyzes proteoses into small polypeptides. 

Ampulla of vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland are the structures found in the abdominal cavity of male.

A nucleotidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a nucleotide into a nucleoside and a phosphate. A nucleotide + water (H20) = A nucleoside and a phosphate.For example, it converts an adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, and guanosine monophosphate to guanosine.

After digestion, most of the monosaccharides are absorbed into the body via active transport using sodium ions. Fructose is absorbed via facilitated diffusion. Amino acids are absorbed via secondary active transport using sodium ions. Chylomicrons cannot enter blood capillaries and hence enter lacteals. Only 5% of starch is hydrolyzed in the mouth. Proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells in the stomach

So, the correct answer is 'Fructose and amino acids are absorbed through intestinal mucosa with the help of carrier ions like Na+'.

• The oesophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach and also carries food and liquids to the stomach from the mouth.
• It is usually around 9 to 10 inches in adults which begins at the pharynx and passes behind the trachea or windpipe.
• The upper part of the oesophagus is made up of striated or voluntary muscles.
• The middle part is composed of both striated and smooth or involuntary muscles.
• The lower part is made up of smooth muscles only.
• The oesophagus consists of two sphincters.
• The upper oesophagal sphincter is single ringlike cartilage which is both voluntary and involuntary in nature and it prevents food and liquids from entering the windpipe (trachea,)
• The lower oesophagal sphincter is involuntary and prevents gastric acids from travelling into the oesophagus and it opens into the diaphragm.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Both voluntary and involuntary'.

• Pancreatic secretion contains multiple enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The entry of highly acidic food to the small intestine stimulates the secretion of large quantities of water solution of sodium bicarbonate by the pancreatic ductal epithelium as depicted in graph 1. 
• The presence of long-chain fatty acids and peptones in the chyme (partially digested food) results in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes by the acinar cells which are depicted in graphs 2 and 3. 

The correct answer is (b).

The pH of the stomach is about 1-2 which is extremely acidic, this acidity causes the salivary amylase's protein structure to denature and change shape. Therefore, salivary amylase becomes inactive in the stomach.