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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 10

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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 10
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    Juxtaglomerular apparatus contains all the following except
    Solution
    • The macula densa cells of the distal convoluted tubule, the juxtaglomerular cells (or granular cells) of the afferent arteriole along with the extraglomerular mesangial cells (also known as Polkissen cells) are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
    • The duct of Bellini is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Many collecting ducts join to form the large duct of Bellini. 
    • It represents the most distal portion of the collecting duct system present in the medulla region. These ducts drain all the urine collected from the nephron into the renal pelvis.
    So, the correct answer is 'Ducts of Bellini'.
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    The hormone that increases the blood calcium level and decreases its excretion by kidney is 
    Solution
    The major determinant of parathormone secretion is the serum concentration of ionized calcium. Serum calcium concentration is monitored by calcium-sensing receptors located on the surface of the parathyroid cells. When serum calcium concentrations increase, more calcium binds to the receptors, causing a decrease in parathormone secretion. Conversely, when serum calcium concentrations decrease, decreased calcium receptor binding causes an increase in parathormone secretion. It stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb calcium from the urine. 
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    Pars recta is
    Solution
    The proximal tubule, a part of the nephron can be divided into two sections, pars convoluta and pars recta. The pars recta are the following straight (descending) portion. The epithelium of the initial descending segment of the loop of Henle is similar to that of the proximal convoluted tubule and is sometimes called the pars recta of the proximal tubule. 
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    All the functions are performed by kidney except
    Solution
    The principal function of the kidneys is to help maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid balance and excreting metabolic wastes. However, the kidneys have other functions as well. They produce the enzyme renin, which helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure. They also produce at least two hormones: erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3, which stimulates calcium absorption by the intestine. Kidneys are not involved in antibody production or secretion.
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    In desert animals 
    Solution
    The loop of Henle functions to reabsorb water, therefore, the longer the loop of Henle, the more water that can be reabsorbed. It is especially important for animals in arid environments to preserve as much water as possible and minimise loss through urine and sweating.
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Glomeruli fail to filter from plasma
    Solution
    The Glomerular filtrate which drains out from the glomerulus is further filtered by the specialized epithelial cells called podocytes of the Bowman's capsule. These cells have numerous cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes that cover most of the surfaces of the glomerular capillaries. Foot processes of adjacent podocytes are separated by narrow gaps called filtration slits. The porous walls of the glomerular capillaries and the filtration slits of the podocytes form a filtration membrane that permits fluid and small solutes dissolved in the plasma, such as glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, other salts, and urea, to pass through and become part of the filtrate. This filtration membrane holds back blood cells, platelets, and most of the plasma proteins like globins. Lipids also cannot pass through.
    So, the correct answer is option D.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    Ultra filtration is due to pressure in the glomerulus because the diameter of afferent arteriole is greater than 
    Solution
    The diameter of the afferent (incoming) arteriole is greater than the diameter of the efferent arteriole (by which blood leaves the glomerulus). The pressure of the blood inside the glomerulus is increased due to the difference in diameter of the incoming and out-going arterioles. This increased blood pressure helps to force the excretory components of the blood out of the glomerular capillaries.
    So, the correct answer is option D.
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    Bertin are extensions of 
    Solution
    Renal cortex is the outermost part of the kidney which lies between renal capsule and renal medulla. The renal column or column of Bertin is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. So, the correct answer is option D.
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    The normal blood flow through renal arteries of kidney/hour is about .......... litre.
    Solution
    Renal blood flow (RBF) is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time. Normally, the kidneys receive 1,000 to 1,250 ml/min of blood in the average adult, i.e about 60-75 L/hr. This amount far exceeds the need of intrinsic oxygen requirement of the kidney but ensures optimal clearance of all wastes and drugs.
    Thus, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    Fluid within the loop of Henle is concentrated in the
    Solution
    In Henle's loop, the reabsorption is minimum. However, this region plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. This concentrates the filtrate as it moves down. The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively. Therefore, as the concentrated filtrate pass upward, it gets diluted due to the passage of electrolytes to the medullary fluid. Thus, the filtrate is maximum concentrated in the hairpin bend between descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle.
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