Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 43

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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 43

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Weekly Quiz Competition

Question 1
1 / -0

Which one of the following is a correct pair showing the function of a specific part of the human nephron?

A
Podocytes : create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule

B
Henle's loop : most re-absorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate.

C
Distal convoluted tubule : re-absorption of $$K^{+}$$ ions into the surrounding blood capillaries

D
Afferent arteriole : carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein
Question 2
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The maximum amount of electrolytes and water $$(70-80\,per cent)$$ from the glomerular filtrate is re-absorbed in which part of the nephron?

A
Ascending limb of loop of Henle

B
Distal convoluted tubule

C
Proximal convoluted tubule

D
Descending limb of loop of Henle

Solution

About $$0-80%$$ of the glomerular filtrate is reabosrbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, sodium, potassium, chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, much of water and some urea are reabsorbed from the filtrate.
Question 3
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Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A
ADH helps in water elimination making urine hypotonic.

B
Protein free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman's capsule.

C
Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

D
Henle's loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine.

Solution

ADH helps in water reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct making urine hypertonic. ADH is secreted by hypothalamus and released into the blood from the posterior lobe of pituitary gland. ADH is stimulated to be released when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect an increase in the osmolarity of the blood above $$300\,mOsmoIL^{-1}$$.
Question 4
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Which of the following is removed from the filtrate at loop of Henle ?

A
Amino acids

B
Hormones

C
Water

D
Glucose

Solution

In descending limb of loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed due to increasing osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
Question 5
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Long ducts of collecting tubules extend from

A
Cortex to inner part of medulla

B
Medulla to outer cortex

C
Medulla to inner cortex

D
Cortex to outer part of medulla
Solution
The kidney is divided into two parts - Cortex and medulla.
The bowman's capsule, and the convoluted tubules are present in the cortical region (cortex).
The loop of henle and the collecting duct are present in the medullary region of the kidney (medulla).
So, the correct answer is (A).
Question 6
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Which of the following will lead to an increase in glomerular fluid filtration in the kidney?

A
An increase in the protein concentration in the plasma

B
An increase in the fluid pressure in Bowman's space.

C
An increase in the glomerular capillary blood pressure.

D
A decrease in the glomerular capillary blood pressure.

Solution

The main driving force favouring fluid filtration from the glomerular capillary to Bowman's space is glomerular capillary blood pressure($$P_{GC}$$).
So the correct option is C.
Question 7
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Filtration of the blood takes place at

A
PCT

B
DCT

C
Collecting ducts

D
Malpighian body

Solution

Each nephron has two parts glomerulus and renal tubule. Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole. The renal tubule begins with a double walled cup-like structure called Bowman's capsule, which encloses glomerulus. Glomerulus along with Bowman's capsule, is called Mapighian body or renal corpuscle. The tube continues further to form PCT, loop of Henle and DCT. The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood which is carried out by the Malpighian body.
So, the correct answer is 'Malpighian body'.
Question 8
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Consider the following statements each with one or two blanks.
(i) The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to (1) but allows transport of (2)
(ii) (3) and (4) play a significant role in producing a concentrated urine.
(iii) A fall in glomerular blood flow/glomerular blood pressure/GFR can activate the JG cells to release (5)
Which one of the following options correctly fills the blanks in any two of the statements?

A
$$(1)$$-water, $$(2)$$-electrolytes, $$(5)$$-renin

B
$$(3)$$-Henle's loop, $$(4)$$-vasa recta, $$(5)$$-angiotensin

C
$$(1)$$-electrolytes, $$(2)$$-water, $$(3)$$- PCT, $$(4)$$- DCT

D
$$(3)$$-Henle's loop, $$(4)$$-vasa recta, $$(5)$$-angiotensinogen

Solution

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes, while a fall in glomerular flow and pressure can activate juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.
So, the correct option is '(1)
-water, (2)-electrolytes, (5)-renin'.
Question 9
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Which of the following statements are correct?
(i) Glucose has a high threshold value.
(ii) Urine is concentrated in Henle's loop.
(iii) Haemodialyser removes urea, uric acid, glucose and plasma proteins.
(iv) In glomerulus, urea, uric acid, water, glucose and plasma proteins are filtered out.

A
(i), (iii) and (iv)

B
(ii), (iii) and (iv)

C
(i) and (ii)

D
(i) and (iii)

Solution

The threshold value of a substance is its highest concentration in the blood up to which it is totally reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. Substances like glucose and amino acids are those substances that are reabsorbed actively into the blood by the active transport and therefore they do not appear in the urine. The threshold value of glucose is about $$180$$ mg per $$100$$ ml of blood. When this value is exceeded, glucose begins to appear in the urine. Countercurrent mechanism in loop of Henle and vasa recta helps to concentrate the urine. Haemodialysis does not remove glucose and plasma proteins. In glomerulus, plasma proteins are not filtered out.

So the correct answer is '(i) and (ii)'.
Question 10
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Which is true about the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
Most nephrons are juxtamedullary.

B
The efferent arteriole's of cortical nephrons give rise to most of the vasa recta.

C
The aaferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephrons give rise to most of the vasa recta.

D
Juxtamedullary nephrons generate a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium.

Solution

Cortical nephrons either have short or absent loops of Henle. Only juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle, which plunge into the renal medulla and create a hypersomotic interstitium via counter current multiplication.
So the correct option is D.

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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 43

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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 43

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Question 1

Podocytes : create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule

Henle's loop : most re-absorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate.

Distal convoluted tubule : re-absorption of $$K^{+}$$ ions into the surrounding blood capillaries

Afferent arteriole : carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein

Question 2

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending limb of loop of Henle

Solution

Question 3

ADH helps in water elimination making urine hypotonic.

Protein free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman's capsule.

Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Henle's loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine.

Solution

Question 4

Amino acids

Hormones

Water

Glucose

Solution

Question 5

Cortex to inner part of medulla

Medulla to outer cortex

Medulla to inner cortex

Cortex to outer part of medulla

Solution

Question 6

An increase in the protein concentration in the plasma

An increase in the fluid pressure in Bowman's space.

An increase in the glomerular capillary blood pressure.

A decrease in the glomerular capillary blood pressure.

Solution

Question 7

PCT

DCT

Collecting ducts

Malpighian body

Solution

Question 8

$$(1)$$-water, $$(2)$$-electrolytes, $$(5)$$-renin

$$(3)$$-Henle's loop, $$(4)$$-vasa recta, $$(5)$$-angiotensin

$$(1)$$-electrolytes, $$(2)$$-water, $$(3)$$- PCT, $$(4)$$- DCT

$$(3)$$-Henle's loop, $$(4)$$-vasa recta, $$(5)$$-angiotensinogen

Solution

Question 9

(i), (iii) and (iv)

(ii), (iii) and (iv)

(i) and (ii)

(i) and (iii)

Solution

Question 10

Most nephrons are juxtamedullary.

The efferent arteriole's of cortical nephrons give rise to most of the vasa recta.

The aaferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephrons give rise to most of the vasa recta.

Juxtamedullary nephrons generate a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium.

Solution

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