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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 62

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Excretory Products and their Elimination Test 62
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    About how many nephrons are there in each kidney of a human?
    Solution
    Nephron is functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. There are about 1,000,000 nephrons in each human kidney, each of which is capable of forming urine. 
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    Function of glomerulus in mammalian kidney is
    Solution
    • A glomerulus is a network of capillaries responsible for the filtration of blood in the nephron the functional unit of the kidney. 
    • The glomerulus is surrounded by a single layer of epithelium called the Bowman's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle, the basic filtration unit of the kidney. 
    So, the correct answer is option B.
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    Plasma resembles the filtrate produced in the glomerulus except for the presence of
    Solution
    The blood is filtered by nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Each nephron begins in a renal corpuscle, which is composed of a glomerulus enclosed in a Bowman's capsule. Cells, proteins, and other large molecules are filtered out of the glomerulus by a process of ultrafiltration, leaving an ultrafiltrate that resembles plasma (except that the ultrafiltrate has negligible plasma proteins) to enter Bowman's space. Filtration is driven by Starling forces. The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule and a series of collecting ducts to form urine. 
    Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    Glomerular filtration occurs because
    Solution
    The efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus. Because it has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, it creates some resistance to blood flow, producing the back-up of blood in the glomerulus which creates higher pressure in the glomerular cavity. This causes the glomerular filtration. 
    Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    If glucose and aminoacids enter the nephorn along with filtrate, then
    Solution
    If glucose and aminoacids enter the nephron along with filtrate, then blood capillaries surrounding the nephron reabsorb the glucose and aminoacids.
    The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
    The nephron is a long tube that runs from the cortex into the medulla and back again to the cortex before joining another tube called the collecting duct. The nephron starts as a small cup-like structure known as the Bowman’s capsule and leads into what is known as the first convoluted tubule (also known as the proximal convoluted tubule). It descends into the medulla as the loop of Henle then back into the cortex to become the distal convoluted tubule. These tubules drain into the collecting duct. Several convoluted tubules drain into each collecting duct, these collecting ducts empty into the renal pelvis. From the renal pelvis the excretory product, urine, drains into the ureter. The ureter from each kidney empties into the bladder and urine leaves the body via the urethra.
    There is a branch of the renal artery, the afferent arteriole, entering the small cup-like space of the Bowman’s capsule as a network of blood capillaries. This network is known as the glomerulus. Emerging from this network, the capillaries reunite to form a small arteriole, known as the efferent arteriole. As the efferent arteriole continues it twines around the proximal and distal convoluted tubule. The efferent arteriole divides into capillaries at several points along the length of the tubules, absorbing various substances. These capillaries eventually reunite to drain into the renal vein. The efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. This difference in diameter helps to raise the glomerular pressure and aids in ultrafiltration.

  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Which part of the nephron is least permeable to water?
    Solution
    The thin descending limb has low permeability to ions and urea, while being highly permeable to water. The loop has a sharp bend in the renal medulla going from descending to ascending thin limb. The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, but it is permeable to ions. Proximal tubule and collecting duct are permeable to water. 
    Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    The vessel leading blood into the Bowman's capsule is known as
    Solution
    Blood enters the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus through a small artery called the afferent arteriole. The artery that carries filtered blood away from the glomerulus is the efferent arteriole. These two arterioles together play a major role in the process of ultrafiltration by the glomerulus.
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    The area of maximum reabsorption and distribution of fats is
    Solution
    The proximal tubule is the convoluted portion of the vertebrate nephron lying between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle and functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate.
    The proximal tubule regulates the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions in the interstitium for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate; it secretes organic acids, such as creatinine and other bases, into the filtrate.
    Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. Sodium reabsorption is primarily driven by this P-type ATPase. This is the most important transport mechanism in the PCT.
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    The part of excretory system which acts as blood filter is
    Solution
    A glomerulus is a network of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. It serves as the first stage in the filtering process of the blood carried out by the nephron in its formation of urine. The glomerulus is surrounded by a cup-like sac known as Bowman's capsule. The blood plasma is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsule. The Bowman's capsule empties the filtrate into the proximal tubule that is also part of the duct system of the nephron. 
    Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    The characteristic that is shared by urea, uric acid and ammonia is/are
    (A) They are nitrogenous wastes.
    (B) They all need very large amount amount of water for excretion.
    (C) They are all equally toxic.
    (D) They are produced in the kidneys.
    Solution
    Animals excrete a variety of nitrogen waste products, but ammonia, urea and uric acid predominate. A major factor in determining the mode of nitrogen excretion is the availability of water in the environment. Generally, aquatic animals excrete mostly ammonia, whereas terrestrial animals excrete either urea or uric acid. Ammonia, urea and uric acid are transported across cell membranes by different mechanisms corresponding to their different chemical properties in solution. Mammals such as humans excrete urea, while birds, reptiles, and some terrestrial invertebrates produce uric acid as wastes. Uricothelic organisms tend to excrete uric acid waste in the form of a white paste or powder. Producing uric acid instead of urea is advantageous because it is less toxic and reduces water loss and the subsequent need for water.
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