Morphology of Flowering Plants Test -12

The primary tap root and its branches of leguminous plants, i.e., plants belonging to sub-family papilionatae of family leguminosae (e.g., Pea, Gram, and Groundnut etc.) bear nodule-like swellings, called root nodules.

The swollen root is broad at the base and tapers gradually towards the apex.

In hydrophytes root pocket found in instead of root cap e.g., Lamna, Walffia.

Mango ginger is a modification of adventitious roots. These roots become swollen at their tips due to accumulation of food.

Floating roots are white spongy and arise from node and stem store air. They help in floatation as well as in breathing also, e.g., Jussiaea.

Many aquatic plants possess elongated loose cap like covering over their tips. They are called root pockets, e.g., Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia).

Haustorial (Parasitic) roots: The roots of parasitic plants, which penetrate into the host tissues to absorb nourishment, are called haustorial roots.

Adventitious roots can develop on a plant from places other than radicle i.e., origin place is not definite.

They are laterally compressed horizontal roots which travel along the ground for some distance and provide extra mechanical support, e.g., Ficus elastica.

Leaf is a thin flattened out growth of the plant arising from the node of the stem and having a bud in its axil.

Victoria regia an aquatic plant with floating leaves. Which are 4 meters in radius and diameter 1.5-1.8 m. These are the largest leaves in plant kingdom.

The stipules are the small lateral appendages present on either side of the leaf base. Bud scales stipules are scaly which protect the leaf buds by surrounding them. e.g., Artocarpus, Banyan etc.

Secondary and tertiary roots are respectively the branches of first and second order. They are formed in acropetal succession (youngest towards growing point and oldest towards the base of the parent root). Rootlets are the ultimate branches. They bear root hairs for absorption.

The leaf is a green, flat, thin expanded lateral appendage of stem which is borne at a node and bears a bud in its axil. It is exogenous in origin and develops from the leaf primordium of shoot apex.

The multiseriate epidermis of aerial roots of some orchids and epiphytes is called velamen. Exodermis is the separation layer between the velamen and cortex.

In Dischidia the whole leaf is changed in to a pitcher (nest) to store rain water and humus rich soil. There is no lid. The nest roots absorb this water. This pitcher is not insectivorous.

The inflorescence in cauliflower is compound corymb. In compound corymb, the branching occurs on main axis and the peduncle becomes shorter. The pedicels of lower flowers become longer than the upper flowers due to which all flowers appear to be of same height. E.g., Cauliflower, Pyrus malus, etc.

In maize, fibrous roots or adventitious roots develop from the lower nodes of the stem to provide mechanical support and are called stilt roots e.g. Pandamus

Hilum is the scar on a seed marking the point of attachment of the developing seed vessel to the fruit.

The most important function of inflorescence is to make flowers more conspicuous to pollinating agents (insects/birds) so that chances of cross pollination are high.

Lilium is an angiosperm plant, in which male gametophyte is 3 - celled and most reduced gametophyte as compared to Funaria (bryophyte). As we proceed from Thallophyta to angiosperms, there is a reduction in the gametophytic generation they become more and more dependent on sporophyte. In each of the plant groups that succeeded bryophytes, the gametophyte became less and less prominent. In angiosperms like Lilium, the male gametophyte (pollen - grain) is highly reduced and is only a 3 -celled structure.

Stem gets modified to perform some specialized functions. The axillary bud of the stem is modified into thorns in Bougainvillea to protect them from their enemies.

• Auxins were first isolated from human urine. It is produced by growing tips of root and stem.

• It helps in cell division and differentiation. It prevents fruit and leaf drop at early stages. It promotes the abscission of older mature leaves and fruits.
  
  

Spike is a racemose inflorescence that bears sessile flowers in an acropetal fashion e.g., chaff flower (Achyranthes), bottle brush (Callistemon), Adhatoda vasica, Amaranthus.

Thalamus is the broad base of the on which other organs of the flower rest. The thalamus bears four types of organs - sepals, petals, carpels and the stamens.
Petals are colored accessory floral organs which lie above sepals and they may also provide protection to centrally placed reproductive organs (stamens and carpel).
Sepals are the green outermost leaf like floral organs which protect the flower in bud stage and provide support to outer floral organs.
Ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Thalamus'.

Mirabilis roots are tuberous roots because these plants store food in them, So they can perennate through dry and cold periods.

• The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants.
• The green gram is a small, round olive green bean with a sweet flavour and soft texture belonging to family Leguminosae
  
• Saraca indica, commonly known as Asoka-tree, Ashok or simply Asoca, is a plant belonging to the family Leguminosae.
  
• Paddy also called rice paddy which belongs to the family Gramineae (grass family).
  
• Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a leguminous tree which belongs to the family Fabaceae or Leguminosae bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Paddy'

• Groundnut produces lomentum fruits which s a type of indehiscent legume fruit that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between segments so that each segment contains one seed. It is a type of schizocarp. 

The fruit is geocarpic and thus ripens inside the soil itself. The pericarp of the fruit is hard but the seeds are edible. Root, stem and leaf of groundnut are not edible.

• So, the correct answer is 'Fruit'