Biomolecules Test - 10

Fructose is the sweetest of the naturally-occurring sugars.

Fructose is a ‘monosaccharide’, meaning it is one of the simplest forms of sugar, i.e. it can’t be broken down into more basic sugar units. Other common monosaccharides are glucose and galactose.

Starch and cellulose both belongs to polysaccharides i. e. they are compounds of simple sugar. Starch consists of two components amylose and amylopectin.

Both amylose and amylopectin are formed by the condensation of α - D - glucose.

A chain of cellulose molecule contains 6000 or more glucose residues. The successive glucose residues are joined together by 1 - 4 β-linkages

Insulin found in plant cell is a polysaccharide. Insulin is a natural polysaccharide produced by many plants. Insulin structurally belongs to class dietary fibers these are also called as fructans. Insulin is the major energy source and is found in roots or rhizomes of plants.

Reducing sugars are sugars where the anomeric carbon has an OH group attached that can reduce other compounds. All monosaccharide such as glucose are reducing sugars.

A disaccharide can be a reducing sugar or a non-reducing sugar. Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars, while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.

Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins to form glycoprotein. In glycoprotein’s, the carbohydrate chains are either attached to the nitrogen atom in the side chain of asparagines (N-linkage) or to the oxygen in the side chain or serine or threonine (O-linkage.)

Protein consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The addition of nitrogen gives protein its unique distinction from carbohydrate and fat, along with establishing the signature name, amino acid.

Maltose consists of two molecules of glucose that are linked by α-(1, 4’) glycosidic bond. Maltose results from the enzymatic hydrolysis of amylose, a homopolysaccharide (by the enzyme amylase.

Maltose is converted to two molecules of glucose by the enzyme maltase, which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond.

The simplest amino acid Glycine (gly or G), has H as an R group, meaning that it has only 3 different groups (carboxylate, amine, but 2 hydrogen) there are no 4 different groups attached to the alpha carbon and therefore Glycine is not chiral and cannot be optically active (possess optical chirality)

\(H_2N - \underset{\overset{|}{H}}{\stackrel{\overset{H}{|}}{C}} - COOH\)

         glycine

The intercellular substance (extracellular matrix) in connective tissues is usually abundant. That is why, the cells are widely spaced. It consists of fibres and a large amount of an amorphous ground substance.

This ground substance is mainly composed of acidic mucopolysaccharides bound with proteins to form hyaluronic acid.

The base pairs of DNA are A = T and C = G.

Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are also called catalytic RNA. They are RNA molecules capable of catalysing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the act of protein enzymes.

Ribozymes, discovered in 1982, demonstrated that RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological catalyst (like protein enzymes). Examples of ribozymes include the hammerhead ribozyme, the VS ribozyme, Leadzyme and the hairpin ribozyme.

Raffinose is a Trisaccharide. It is made up of three molecules of glucose, i.e., glucose, fructose and galactose.

Ligase enzyme is used for joining bits of DNA.

The set of three elements included in micronutrients is Fe, Zn, and Cu.

Fat is made up of smaller molecules called fatty acids, and there are several types of saturated fatty acids in coconut oil. The predominant type is lauric acid (47%), with myristic and palmitic acids present in smaller amounts, which have been shown in research to raise harmful LDL levels. Coconut oil has a very low content of PUFA

Waxes are esters formed between a long chain alcohol and saturated fatty acids. Tripalmitin is a triglyceride.

Proper balance of calcium, potassium, and magnesium ions is essential for the normal excitability of muscles, especially cardiac muscles.

According to Chargaff's rule,

A + G = T + C

(No. of purine = no. of pyrimidines) in dsDNA

We know A = T as they are complementary to each other

Similar,  C = G from this we can find out, if A = 31, then A + T = 62

100 – 62 = 38

38 = C + G

C = G = 19