Biomolecules Test - 11

Steroids are the organic molecule which plays an important role in the growth and development of the body. The molecular structure consists of 17 carbons which are arranged in four fused structures. It is found in plants, animals and fungi.

Steroids such as cholesterol form an integral component of the cell membrane and alter the membrane fluidity. They also act as hormone receptor for steroidal hormones.

It acts as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D.

Reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent because it has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group. Glycogen is not a reducing sugar. The only reducing sugars I know are Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Maltose and Lactose.

Thermolabile protein part of enzyme is apoenzyme.

An Apoenzyme is a protein that forms an inactive enzyme, activation of the enzyme occurs upon binding of an organic or inorganic cofactor. An Apoenzyme together with its cofactor is known as holoenzyme. A holoenzyme is complete and catalytically active.

Water present in the human body supports the metabolic reactions in the body. The enzymes which act as a catalyst in the biological reaction acts efficiently in presence of water.

The salts like sodium and potassium which dissolves in the water act as a transporter. It helps in the transmission of the nerve impulse. The intercellular transports are also supported by water.

The total amount of water present in the human body is 80% out of which 65-70% is present in the living cells. 35-45 g counts to 65% - 70% (35/50*100).

The proteins are made up of amino acids. The amino acids have the carboxyl group at one end and an amine group at the other end of a side chain (R).

The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a protein. The peptide bond is formed by the linkage of the carboxyl group of one amino acid with the amino group of the amino acids.

Serine has the molecular formula of and has hydroxyl in its R-group.

Glycoproteins are complexes of polysaccharides and proteins in which proteins predominate. Prosthetic group of a glycoprotein is carbohydrate.

Soybean is the richest source of protein. It is commonly known as Glycine max. Phytic acid, dietary minerals and vitamin B are also present in the soybeans. It is a leguminous plant which helps in fixation of nitrogen. The soy proteins are heat-stable storage protein. It also produces oil. Wheat, rice, and sago are the rich sources of carbohydrate which produce instant energy.

Heparin is an anticoagulant as they prevent the clotting of the blood. It inactivates the thrombin in the clotting process. It is produced by the basophils and mast cells. It binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (ATIII).

The activated AT then inactivates thrombin, factor Xa and other proteases responsible for clotting of blood. It is synthesized in the liver and circulates in plasma. It is a glycosaminoglycan.

Enzymes are classified by complex system, suggested by commission on enzymes of International Union of Biochemistry (IUB). Based on their action they are divided into 6 major classes. Each enzyme is assigned a 4 digit code number.

Fatty acid forms bilayer because of its amphiphilic nature. It has hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic and does not interact with water and a carboxyl hydrophilic end which can interact with water.

 When a fatty acid or triglyceride substance is placed in water, bilayer is formed to maximize the interactions of the hydrophilic heads with water and minimize the interactions of the hydrophobic tails with water are formed.

Protein consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The addition of nitrogen gives protein its unique distinction from carbohydrate and fat, along with establishing the signature name, amino acid.

Fat is made up of smaller molecules called fatty acids, and there are several types of saturated fatty acids in coconut oil. The predominant type is lauric acid (47%), with myristic and palmitic acids present in smaller amounts, which have been shown in research to raise harmful LDL levels. Coconut oil has a very low content of PUFA.

Monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate which is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The basic formula of the monosaccharide is. These are considered as simplest form of sugar.

The ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen is 2:1. For example, fructose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atom, ten hydrogen, and five oxygen.

Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment present in the RBC of the blood. It is an oligo protein which has four polypeptide chain, two alpha chains and two beta chain. It has a quaternary structure where each polypeptide has heme group with iron in the centre.

The polypeptide is linked together by the disulphide groups. The structure is stabilized by h-bonds. It is a chromoprotein because it has heme as a cofactor, which is iron-containing pigment and makes the blood appear red. Each iron combines with an oxygen molecule.

Myoglobin is also a oxygen carrier in muscles but it has only one heme group while haemoglobin has four. So it has lesser iron content than haemoglobin.

Cytochromes are iron-containing protein. It helps in the generation of ATP by electron transport chain. It helps in the transfer of electrons by oxidation and reduction. It has one heme group.

Ferritin is a blood cell protein that contains iron. The iron content is less than haemoglobin and the amount fluctuates depending upon the iron available for storage in the blood cells.

Boron is required for phloem transport.  It forms a complex with polyols which helps in phloem transport.

The elements like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are known as framework elements as these are basic elements which provide the structural framework to cell and also form an integral part of the storage products.

Oxygen is the most abundant element for the living organism.

It is used for respiration. The oxygen inhaled supports the oxidation of food and releases energy. It plays an important role in the oxidative phosphorylation occurring in the mitochondria.

The process produces energy in form of ATP. Carbon and hydrogen is important constituent of carbohydrates which is an instant source of energy.

Cellulose which is an important constituent of the cell wall is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glycogen is the storage product made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

According to Chargaff's rule,

A + G = T + C

(No. of purine = no. of pyrimidines) in dsDNA

We know A = T as they are complementary to each other

Similar, C = G from this we can find out, if A = 31, then A + T = 62

100 - 62 = 38

38 = C + G

C = G = 19