Environmental Chemistry Test - 43

Reducing the volume and/or hazard of the waste, long-term storage or disposal, dumping at sea are ways of managing hazardous wastes. Reducing the production of waste while increasing the amount generated is a preventive method rather than a disposal method.

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases are emitted during the combustion of various fuels. Carbon monoxide is poisonous, whereas carbon-dioxide is non-toxic in nature. Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it is capable of forming a complex with hemoglobin (carboxyhaemoglobin), which is more stable than the oxygen-haemoglobin complex. The concentration range of 3–4% of  carboxyhaemoglobin decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. This results in headaches, weak eyesight, nervousness, and cardiovascular disorders. A more increased concentration may even lead to death.

Carbon monoxide when binds to hemoglobin forms a stable compound - carboxyhaemoglobin. Since, oxygen of carbon monoxide binds more readily to hemoglobin than do Oxygen of carbon dioxide, therefore carbon monoxide prevents carbon dioxide from binding to Hb, which means diffusion or exchange of gases won't take place at alveolar site. So, carbon monoxide is more harmful because it prevents oxygen from entering the body.

In situ vitrification (ISV) is a process which uses an electric current to melt soil or other earthen materials at extremely high temperatures and thereby immobilize most inorganics and destroy organic pollutants by pyrolysis. While other methods can be successfully used to dispose hazardous wastes, ISV will cause air and soil pollution.

Acid rain is usually called as lake killer because the acid present in the rain destroys the ecosystem present in the lake like death of fishes, etc.

Various components of photochemical smog are:

1. Inorganic gases such as nitrogen oxide ($$ NO_2$$), hydrogen peroxide, and carbon monoxide.

2. Organic peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, Peroxy acetyl nitrate ($$PAN$$), Peroxybenzoyl nitrate ($$PBN$$), etc.

Green chemistry means such reactions which reduce the use and production of hazardous chemicals.
Green chemistry is the use of chemistry for pollution prevention by an environmentally conscious design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances.

• Due to the ozone depletion, the UV rays are filtered in the Earth's atmosphere. 
• This ray results in the development of various diseases. One of the common disorder is erythema. 
• This is a disease in which there are reddening and swelling of the skin. There is swelling of the mucous membranes. 
• There is an increase in the blood flow from the peripheral capillaries which results in inflammation.
• Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Biosphere consists of small zone of Earth, where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere come in contact with one another.

CFCs like ferons used in refrigerators are the main cause of ozone depletion. Once in the atmosphere, CFCs drift slowly upward to the stratosphere, where they are broken up by ultraviolet radiation, releasing chlorine atoms, which are able to destroy ozone molecules.