Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Test -4

because of slight shifting of electron towards more electronegative element like F in HF brings a small amount of negative charge on F and positive charge on H which results in dipole moment.

In H₂SO₄ , S has more than 8 electrons in valence shell.It has 12 electrons in its valence shell.

CO₂ is linear, so even though the C−O bonds have individual dipole moments, the overall dipole moment is zero as these cancel out (they point in opposite directions, as shown in the diagram below).

On the other hand, H2O is "bent", which means that the individual dipole moments of the bond are at an angle to each other and because of Presence of lp on head of O atom in H₂O therefore it has max dipole moment.

Ionic crystalline compounds formed by ion-formation by electron transfer proves electronic theory of chemical bonding. According to this theory ionic bonds are formed when an atom looses electron/ electrons to become positive ion  and another atom gains the electron/ electrons to become negative ion. Ionic bonding is a process of complete transfer of Valence electrons.

The valence bond theory is introduced to describe bonding in organic molecules. In this model, bonds are considered to form from the overlapping of two atomic orbitals on different atoms, each orbital containing a single electron.

In general, greater the overlap, stronger is the bond formed between the two atoms. Thus, according to the orbital overlap concept, atoms combine together by overlapping their orbital and thus forming a lower energy state where their valence electrons with opposite spin, pair up to form covalent bond.

G.N.Lewis, proposed the octet rule to explain the valence electron sharing between atoms that resulted in a bonding type with the atoms attaining noble gas electronic configuration.

The statement is : "a bond is formed between two atoms by mutual sharing of pairs of electrons to attain a stable outer-octet of electrons for each atom involved in bonding". This type of valence electron sharing between atoms is termed as covalent bonding.

In $$SF_6$$, sulphur has six valence electrons and there are six fluorine atoms that are monovalent. So, by applying the hybridization formula answer comes for 6 hybrid orbitals, which is $$sp^3d^2$$ hybridisation.

Hydrogen bond is absent in $$Ge$$. It is present in water, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia. A hydrogen bond is present between $$H$$ atom and highly electronegative atom of oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen.

The total spin of two electrons forming a covalent bond is zero. When two electrons form a covalent bond, they have opposite spins. One electron has $$+\frac {1} {2}$$ spin and the other electron has $$-\frac {1} {2}$$ spin. Thus, sum of the spins of two electrons is zero.
$$+\frac {1} {2}-\frac {1} {2}=0$$.

Due to its linear structure and trans form dipole moment of molecule is zero.($$\mu=0$$)

A binary compound is a compound composed of only two elements i.e., a binary compound is  made from exactly two different elements. There are  two types of binary compounds.
1) Ionic binary compound: Binary compound which is formed by the combination of a metal atom and non metal atom is called ionic binary compound, e.g., KBr, NaCl, $$CaI_2$$, $$AlF_3$$, $$MgBr_2$$.
2) Covalent binary compound: Binary compound which is formed by the combination of two non metal atoms is called  binary covalent  compound. In binary covalent compound sharing of electrons takes place, e.g., BF, $$N_2O$$, $$P_2O_5$$, $$N_2H_4$$, $$CH_4$$ and $$H_2O$$.
A) Binary compound formed by B and F is $$BF_3$$ in which both boron(B) and florine(F) are non metals, hence, it is covalent binary compound.
B) Binary compound formed by K and Br is KBr in which potassium(K) is metal and bromine(Br) is non metal. Hence, its is ionic binary compound.

With 5 electron pairs, the shape is trigonal bipyramidal with three bonds in the trigonal plane and 2 bonds in the pyramid i.e., perpendicular to the plane which are above and below the plane.

$$SF_4$$ molecule has one non-bonding electron pair on the central atom Sulfur.

When chemical bond is formed, the potential energy decreases. The distance between two atoms at which the potential energy is minimum is known as bond length.