Biotechnology and its Applications Test - 15

Rules of conduct that may be used to regulate our activities in relation to the biological world is called Bioethics.

• Bioethics may be viewed as the set of standards that may be used to regulate various activities based on their effects on the biological world. 
• This is because biotechnology has aroused social as well as political concerns, which have ranged from biotechnology being unnatural to detrimental to biodiversity.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Golden rice is a transgenic rice having gene for \(\beta\)-carotene.

• Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice (Oryza Sativa) which contains good quantities of \(\beta\)-carotene ( provitamin A- inactive state of vitamin A). 
• \(\beta\)-carotene is a principle source of vitamin \(\mathrm{A}\). 
• Since the grains (seeds) of the rice are yellow in colour due to \(\beta\)-carotene, the rice is commonly called golden rice.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Giant mouse has been produced through gene transfer.

• Transgenic mouse is larger because expression of the gene for human growth factor has been introduced into it.
• Horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring. 

Hence, the correct option is (A).

The method of bio-piracy is illegal collection of biological sample.

Bio-piracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorization from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment. 

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Tracy is a transgenic sheep.

• Transgenic animals are animals (most common in mice) that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. 
• Such animals are most commonly created by the microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilised egg which is subsequently implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother. 
• Tracy was created from a zygote genetically engineered through DNA injection to produce milk containing large quantities of the human enzyme alpha-1 antitrypsin, a substance used to treat cystic fibrosis and emphysema.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

A human protein which is obtained from transgenic animals and is used to treat emphysema is \(\alpha-1\)-antitrypsin.

Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA which codes for particular product such as human proteins. 

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify DNA sequences. The method involves using short DNA sequences called primers to select the portion of the genome to be amplified. The technique can produce a billion copies of the target sequence in just a few hours.

Rest three options are correct as Ti for Tumor inducing, DNA probe identifies the desired DNA fragment and agarose is used as matrix in get electrophoresis.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

As a first step towards gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body. 

A functional ADA-cNDA  (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these lymphocytes, which are subsequently returned to the body of the patient. 

However, as these cells are not immortal, the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes.

Thus, statement in option (D) is incorrect.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Biomolecules including peptides, hormones and antibodies can be analysed by ELISA test.

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also known as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones. 
• They are termed as an analyte.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

The injecting of foreign gene in an animal gives rise to transgenic animal.

• Transgenic animals are animals that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. 
• Such, animals are most commonly created by micro-injection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilized egg which is implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother. 
• This results in the recipient giving birth to genetically modified offspring.

Hence, the correct option is (A)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains have been used for designing novel bio-insecticidal plants.

• Bio-insecticides are those biological agents that are used to control harmful insects. 
• Because of the development of methods of genetic engineering, B. thuringiensis toxic genes are introduced into plants. 
• Such plants are resistant to attack by insect pests. 
• Bt cotton is one such example.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Pomato is a transgenic crop.

• A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. 
• The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species. 
• The pomato is a chimera produced by grafting a tomato plant and a potato plant, both of which are members of the Solanaceae family. 
• Pomato plants make food production more efficient, as they maximize the amount of crops that can be produced on a piece of land. 

Hence, the correct option is (D).

CrylAc and CryllAb genes were introduced in cotton to protect it from cotton bollworms.

• Two cry genes, CrylAc and CryllAb have been incorporated in cotton. 
• The genetically modified crop is called Bt cotton as it contains Bt toxin genes. 
• The genes CrylAc and cryllAb control cotton bollworms.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Saffron and beetroot plant extract can be used as natural additives to enhance the color of food.

• Saffron is extracted from the dried stigmas of the saffron plant. 
• It's main use is in the spice industry. 
• While, the Beetroot is the taproot of the bet plant. 
• It is widely used as in food and salads. 
• Although these are also used as a medicine and a flavouring agent.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

The term 'clone' cannot be applied to offspring formed by sexual reproduction because offspring do not possess exact copies of parental DNA.

• During sexual reproduction, fertilization creates a single-celled zygote which includes genetic material from both gametes.
• Whereas, cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. 
• In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Plant breeding is a method of altering the genetic pattern of plants to increase their value and utility for human welfare. It is a purposeful manipulation of plants to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease resistant.

Pusa Komal is a variety that is resistant to bacterial blight. It is a bushy plant variety and yields light green pods. It can flower in 45 days.

Smooth leaved and nectar-less cotton varieties do not attract bollworms.

A semi-dwarf variety of wheat was developed by Norman E. Borlaug at the International Centre of Wheat and Maize Improvement in Mexico. It was called Sonora by CIMMYT.

Therefore, plant breeding is the fastest method to obtained improved varieties statement is incorrect.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Peptide A and peptide B is linked by two disulfide linkages in insulin.

• Proinsulin is made up of 81 residues and formed by three distinct chains.
• The A chain, B chain, and the area connecting the two are named the C peptide. 
• The correct structure of proinsulin is crucial for the correct folding of mature insulin, as the placement of the C peptide sets the molecule up to create correctly positioned disulfide bonds in and between the A and B chains.
• There are three disulfide bonds that are necessary for mature insulin to be the correct structure. Two of these disulfide bonds are between the A and B chains, and one is an intra-A chain bond. 

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a crown gall bacterium, is called as 'natural genetic engineer' of plants.

• A soil-inhabiting plant bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogen of several dicot plants. 
• It is able to transfer a piece of DNA known as 'T-DNA' into the plant cells. 
• The T-DNA causes tumours, the tumours are called crown galls. 
• Tumour formation is induced by Ti plasmid (Ti for tumour inducing). 
• As gene transfer occurs without human effort, the bacterium is called natural genetic engineer of plants. 

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Agro-chemical based agriculture is used to increase the food production. It includes use of agro-chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides.

• Agro-chemicals are chemical agents used on farmlands to improve the nutrients in the field or crops. 
• They improve crop growth by killing damaging insects. 
• They are implemented in all forms of farming sectors such as horticulture, dairy farming, poultry, crop shifting, commercial planting, etc.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

A genetic disorder can be cured through gene therapy.

• Gene therapy replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in an attempt to cure disease or improve your body's ability to fight disease. 
• Gene therapy holds promise for treating a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, diabetes, hemophilia and AIDS.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

The first clinical gene therapy was done for the treatment of SCID (Serve Combined Immuno Deficiency resulting form deficiency of ADA).

• The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-years old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. 
• This enzyme is very important for the immune system to function. 
• ADA deficiency can lead to severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Adenosine deaminase deficiency can be permanently cured by gene therapy at early embryonic stages.

• Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency can be treated by bone marrow transplantation, or by enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. 
• But permanent treatment can be done by introduction of gene isolated from bone marrow cells, which produces ADA, into the cells of the patient at early embryonic stage.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

More than \(95 \%\) of transgenic animals are mice.

• A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. 
• The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology. 
• \(95 \%\) percent of all transgenic animals are mice and rats, according to the foundation for biomedical research (FBR).

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Insulin is a protein.

• Insulin is a large polypeptide hormone and is insoluble in lipids, therefore, it cannot enter the target cell. 
• It acts at the cell surface. It operates through an extracellular membrane-bound receptor, a heterotetrameric protein (extrinsic protein) on the target cell.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

A patient with ADA deficiency require a repeated infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes as they are unable to produce WBC and their immune response is hampered.

• ADA deficiency is also called adenosine deaminase deficiency. It is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. It results in immunodeficiency. 
• The immune response of an individual is hampered. Its symptoms include pneumonia, chronic diarrhea, skin rashes. 
• It can be treated by a bone marrow transplant in which healthy immune cells are used to replace the defective immune cells. 
• Other treatment includes a repeated infusion of genetically engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes as they are unable to produce WBC. 

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Genetic modification (GM) has been used to create tailor made plants, supply alternative resources to industries and enhanced nutritional value of food.

• Genetic modification by the introduction of the recombinant DNA has resulted in the creation of tailor-made plants that can be pest resistant, drought resistant, herbicide resistant, etc. 
• It has supplied alternative to dairy farm industries by modifying plants and animals. 
• It has also resulted in the creation of biofortified crops that have enhanced nutritional values of food.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

The Bt toxin is used for killing nematodes in crop plants. But, it is non-toxic to humans due to conversion of pro Bt-toxin to Bt-toxin takes place in highly alkaline conditions.

• Bt toxins are used to kill insects but for humans, it is non-toxic because it behaves as a dietary protein. 
• These breakdown very rapidly due to high acidic conditions in the human stomach and are harmless. 
• As human stomach digests the concerned protein, therefore, it is not toxic to humans.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Production of hirudin from Brassica nupus seeds is an example of molecular farming.

• Production of hirudin from Brassica nupus seeds involved molecular farming achieved through seed-specific expression of the hirudin(an anticoagulant found in leeches) and oleosin(a protein in seed) fusion mRNA. 
• The fusion protein was targeted to the oil body membrane of the seed and separated and extracted from the majority of other seed proteins by flotation centrifugation.  

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of Escherichia.

• In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company, first prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of Escherichia coil to produce insulin and chains. 
• Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin (humulin).

Hence, the correct option is (D).

ANDi, is the first transgenic monkey. 

• It has been named ANDi, the acronym of "inserted DNA". 
• In this DNA of a fluorescent jellyfish was introduced into an unfertilised egg of a Rhesus monkey in a test tube.

Hence, the correct option is (D).