The Making of the National Movement 1870 to 1947 Test - 15

The congress was divided into two camps-Extremist and Moderates at the Surat session of 1907. The Moderates believed in the constitutional methods of protests like petitions, prayers, meetings,etc. Extremists, on the other hand, believed in agitation, strikes and boycotts to force their demands. Tilak became the leader of extremists group in the Congress. He was very critical of the moderate group of leaders of Indian National Congress and left after the split in 1907.

Lok manya Tilak stared social groups and he started to gather people for social activities to instil the spirit of nationalism in Indians. Lokmanya tilak promoted public celebrations of Ganesh Chaturthi by installing a Ganesh idol within the local communities.

Vandemataram Movement is also known as the Swadeshi Movement. It was an anti-Bengal partition movement. The Viceroy Lord Curzon divided Bengal province into two in 1905. Bengal people observed 16th October as a day of mourning when partition came into force. The song Vandemataram written by Bakim Chandra Chatterjee became the prayer song for meetings on anti-partition movement. Hence, option C is the correct answer.

The third and final phase of the Nationalist Movement [1919-1947] is known as the Gandhian era. During this period Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National Movement. His principles of non-violence and Satyagraha were employed against the British Government.

• Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary politician who fought against the government which supported racism.
  
• Mahatma Gandhi during his stay of 20 years in South Africa fought against racism shown towards Indians staying in South Africa.
  
• This way both were similar in fighting against racism.
  

The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj.

The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day. January 26, 1930, was a red-letter day in the history of Indian nationalist movement as mass civil disobedience movement was launched on that day. People took a pledge to attain Poorna Swaraj or complete independence. 

Tilak ran two newspapers- Kesari in Marathi and Maratha in English. The newspapers were not established as profit making venture but were a way to spread political education and ideas of liberty and justice among the common people and played an important role in the national movement.

Gandhiji devoted himself to fight against the inhuman practice of untouchability. He started a crusade to root out this evil and referred to the oppressed as 'Harijans' (sons of God). In his ashram, together with his followers, he performed all those tasks which were otherwise carried out by the untouchables. 

The formation of the interim government was also a veritable tangle which the Cabinet Mission could not foresee. Lord Wavell had invited on June 16, 1946, the political parties of India to form the provisional government in the ratio of six representatives for the Congress, five to the Muslim League and three to the minorities.

The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866, in collaboration with Indians and retired British officials in London. The East India Association was a platform for discussing matters about India and to provide representation for Indians to the Government.