Improvement in Food Resources Test - 10

Poultry farming is undertaken to raise egg and chicken production. Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Poultry are farmed in great numbers with chickens being the most numerous.More than 50 billion chickens are raised annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs Chickens raised for eggs are usually called layers while chickens raised for meat are often called broilers. Poultry Farming can be kept by enthusiastic individuals in a back garden or on an allotment, or intensive farming production systems with a large acreage and high turn-over.

Beekeeping or apiculture is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard."

The cross breeding between two different species of the same genus is called interspecific hybridization. Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating individuals from two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents, but are often sterile, preventing gene flow between the species. Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes between the two species. For example, donkeys have 62 chromosomes, horses have 64 chromosomes, and mules have 63 chromosomes. interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes, because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during meiosis, meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. A variety of mechanisms limit the success of hybridization, including the large genetic difference between most species. Barriers include morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, and physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo. Some act before fertilization; others after it.In plants, some barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes

Green revolution increases the grain production (wheat). Blue revolution increased the fish production and white revolution increased the milk production in India. Yellow revolution is responsible for increasing oil production not the pulse.

Improvement is the oldest breeding method of improvement of plant varieties the This is quick method of crop improvement with less effort.

• Viral Haemorrhage septicemia (VHS) is a deadly infectious fish disease caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). It afflicts fish of over 50 species of freshwater and marine fish in several parts of the northern hemisphere.
• Amaranthus, known as amaranth, is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the Amaranthus species are summer annual weeds 
• Rinderpest also cattle plague is an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and some other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs. The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhoea lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality.
• Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock with significant economic impact. The disease affects cattle and swine as well as sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants. All species of deer and antelope as well as elephant, and giraffe are susceptible to FMD

• The initiatives, led by Norman Borlaug, the "Father of the Green Revolution", who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management fulfilling the basic requirement of the population.
• White revolution transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer. it doubled milk available per person and made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural employment generator.It was launched to help farmers direct their own development, placing control of the resources they create in their own hands.
• The silver revolution refers to the period in which the production of eggs was tremondously increassed, it was done by the help of medical science and more protein rich food for the hens.
• The term "blue revolution" refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish, or fresh waters.

• Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. It has two main components: Soluble fiber, which dissolves in water, is readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts, and can be prebiotic and viscous.
• Concentrates refer to animal feeds that are rich in energy and/or protein but low in fiber, such as corn, soybean meal, oats, wheat, molasses, etc.
• Blue green algae belonging to a general cyanobacteria genus, Nostoc or Anabaena , fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculations for paddy crop grown both under upland and low-land conditions. They fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which may then be used or converted to a form suitable for plant growth.Thus demonstrating Nostoc's potential as a sustainable biofertilizer.
• DDTis thought to biomagnify and biomagnification is one of the most significant reasons it was deemed harmful to the environment.

• Cluster bean is a legume. This means that it captures nitrogen that is in the air to help it to grow. Therefore when it is dug in, as a green manure , it increases the amount of nitrogen in the soil available for the next crop. It performs best if inoculated with guar inoculant or cowpea group
• Vermicompost (or vermi-compost) is the product of the composting process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
• Micronutrients are required in very small quantity but one of the essential elements. Chlorine is necessary for osmosis and ionic balance; it also plays a role in photosynthesis.
• A nutrient is a component in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. Macronutrients provide the bulk energy an organism's metabolic system needs to function while micronutrients provide the necessary cofactors for metabolism. It provide bulk energyin the form of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.