Diversity in Living Organisms Test - 7

Thallophyta A former division of the plant kingdom containing relatively simple non differentiated plant body, i.e. those with no leaves, stems, or roots. It included the algae, bacteria, fungi, and lichens. The thallophytes are a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms traditionally described as "thalloid plants", "relatively simple plants" or "lower plants".

 Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants though live in soil but they need water for sexual reproduction. The sperm of bryophyte (antherozoids) are flagellate and need water to swim to the eggs. In other words, as these plants need water for reproduction unlike other plants, they are called as amphibians. 

A pteridophyte are a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces via spores, and therefore was a member of the former and now invalid taxon but first true land plants. Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds is the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!

Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary itself is usually enclosed in a flower, that part of the angiospermous plant that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both.

Annelids are commonly called as segmented worms as their body is divided into small segments. The annelids also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion.  Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others

Scientific name of leech is Hirudinaria. It is generally found in water and suck blood from animals as food. Leeches are segmented worms that belong to the phylum annelida and comprise the subclass Hirudinea.Like the earthworms, leeches share a clitellum and are hermaphrodites leeches do not have bristles and the external segmentation of their bodies does not correspond with the internal segmentation of their organs. Their bodies are much more solid as the spaces in their coelom  with connective tissues. They also have two suckers, one at each end.The majority of leeches live in freshwater environments, while some species can be found in terrestrial

Chrodates are group of organism that contain notochord. They may be aquatic or terrestrial. Reptiles are chordates that mostly live on land. Terrestrial chordate animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land e.g., cats, ants, snails, as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water eg. fish, lobsters, or amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate, in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of bones vertebrae  separated by intervertebral discs  The vertebral column houses the spinal chord, a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord.The backbone of mammals consists of vertebra. There are 7 vertebras in cervical region of human body. The vertebrae in the human vertebral column are divided into different regions, which correspond to the curves of the spinal column. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine

Those animals whose body temperature change with environmental temperature is called cold blooded animals. Amphibian and Pisces are cold blood animals. Cold-blooded animals, like reptiles, amphibians, and Pisces, become hotter and colder, depending on the the temperature outside. For example, when the sun sets at night, their bodies are cooler because it is less warm outside. When the sun is out, however, their bodies soak up the heat and become warmer Cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature of their surroundings. They are hot when their environment is hot and cold when their environment is cold.

The heart of fishes consists of two chambers. The upper chamber is atrium and lower chamber is called ventricle. Fish possess the simplest type of true heart  a two-chambered organ composed of one atrium and one ventricle. A rudimentary valve is located between the two chambers. Blood is pumped from the ventricle through the conus arteriosus to the gills. The conus arteriosus is like the aorta in other species. At the gills, the blood receives oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Blood then moves on to the organs of the body, where nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged. There is no division of the circulation between the gills and the body. That is, the blood travels from the heart to the gills, and then directly to the body before returning to the atrium through the sinus venosus to be circulated again. The heart rates of fish fall within the wide range of 60-240 beats per minute, 

Flagella is present in Euglena, pseudopodia is formed by amoeba for capturing food and paramecium have cilia. The malarial parasite plasmodium lacks flagella. They have MYONEMES present in membrane of plasmodium for movement

Ostrich, penguin and kiwi are flightless birds. Adopted to different environmental condition.Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly. New ecological influences selectively pressured different taxon to converge on flightless modes of existence by altering them morphologically and behaviorally. The successful acquisition and protection of a claimed territory selected for large size and cursoriality in Tertiary ancestors of ratites. Two key differences between flying and flightless birds are the smaller wing bones of flightless birds and the absent (or greatly reduced) keel on their breastbone

Elasmobranches are a kind of marine fish that do not contain Operculum to cover the gills, used for obtaining oxygen from water. Elasmobranchii  is a subclass of Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish. Members of this subclass are characterised by having five to seven pairs of gill clefts lacking operculum opening individually to the exterior, rigid dorsal fins and small placoid scales on the skin. elasmobranchs lack swim bladders, and maintain buoyancy instead with large livers that are full of oil.