Criminal Law Te...

Principle: In all robbery there is either theft or extortion

When theft is robbery: Theft is "robbery "if, in order to the committing of the theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.

When extortion is robbery: Extortion is "robbery "if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear, and commits the

Explanation: The offender is said to be present if he is sufficiently near to put the other person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.

Facts: A meets Z and Z 's child on the high road. A takes the child, and threatens to fling it down a precipice, unless Z delivers his purse. Z, in consequence, delivers his purse.

Principle: In all robbery there is either theft or extortion

When theft is robbery: Theft is "robbery "if, in order to the committing of the theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.

When extortion is robbery: Extortion is "robbery "if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear, and commits the

Explanation: The offender is said to be present if he is sufficiently near to put the other person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.

Facts: A obtains property from Z by saying--"Your child is in the hands of my gang, and will be put to death unless you send us ten thousand rupees ".

Principle: In all robbery there is either theft or extortion

Principle: Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said "wrongfully to confine "that person.

Principle: Whoever commits criminal trespass by entering into or remaining in any building, tent or vessel used as a human dwelling or any building, used as a place for worship, or as a place for the custody of property, is said to commit "house trespass ".

Facts: A guard of the ATM booth looted ATM machine after locking up the mechanic who came to repair the machine. Here the guard is committed ……

Principle: In all robbery there is either theft or extortion

Principle: Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said "wrongfully to confine "that person.

Principle: Whoever commits criminal trespass by entering into or remaining in any building, tent or vessel used as a human dwelling or any building, used as a place for worship, or as a place for the custody of property, is said to commit "house trespass ".

Facts: A lady is walking on a road. Suddenly two boys came on a bike and snatched the gold chain of the lady. Here boys have committed the offence of …………..

Principle: Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use any movable property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

Facts: A and B, being joint owners of a horse. A takes the horse out of B 's possession, intending to use it. Here, as A has a right to use the horse, he does not dishonestly misappropriate it. A sells the horse and appropriates the whole proceeds to his own use.

Principle: Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use any movable property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

Facts : A being on friendly terms with Z, goes into Z 's library in Z 's absence, and takes away a book without Z 's express consent. Here, A was under the impression that he had Z 's implied consent to take the book for the purpose of reading it.

Principle: Whoever dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use any movable property, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

Facts: A finds a purse with money, not knowing to whom it belongs; he afterwards discovers that it belongs to Z, and appropriates it to his own use

Principle: Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharge, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or willfully suffers any other person so to do, commit "criminal breach of trust ".

Facts: A is a warehouse-keeper. Z going on a journey entrusts his furniture to A, under a contract that it shall be returned on payment of a stipulated sum for warehouse room. A dishonestly sells the goods.

Principle: Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharge, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or willfully suffers any other person so to do, commit "criminal breach of trust ".

Facts: A, a revenue officer, is entrusted with public money and is either directed by law or bound by a contract, express or implied, with the Government to pay into a certain treasury all the public money which he holds. A dishonestly appropriates the money.

Principle: Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharge, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or willfully suffers any other person so to do, commit "criminal breach of trust ".

Facts: A, being executor to will of a deceased person, dishonestly disobeys the law which directs him to divide the effect according to the will, and appropriates them to his own use.