Chemistry Test - 5

Negative Deviation from Raoult's law occurs when the vapor pressure of the component is lower than what is expected in Raoult's law.

When acetone and chloroform are mixed together a hydrogen bond is formed between them which increases the intermolecular attraction between them and hence decreases the vapor pressure

Benzoic acid is an aromatic acid that undergoes the usual electrophilic substitution reactions of the benzene ring such as nitration.

Accordingly, the nitration of benzoic acid leads to the formation of a compound called 3-Nitrobenzoic acid or m-Nitro-benzoic acid.

It is because "-COOH" group present in benzoic acid is electron-withdrawing, therefore it is meta directing.

Due to this reason, the electrophilic substitution reaction occurs in the meta position of the benzoic acid.

The chemical equation involved in the reaction is given in the attachment.

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone and sold under many brand names, is a progestin medication used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders.

Potassium metabisulphite and potassium sulphite are used as a source of sulphur dioxide, which reacts with \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) to form sulphurous acid. Sulphurous acid inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, yeast and moulds.

The reactions are given below:

\(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5} \rightarrow \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{3}+\mathrm{SO}_{2}\)

\(\mathrm{SO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{3}\)

The reducing agent is a substance that tends to bring about reduction by being oxidized and losing electrons. As the alkaline earth metals (except Be) tend to lose their valence electrons readily. They act as strong reducing agents.

Condensation polymerisation is also called step growth polymerisation.

This type of polymerisation generally involves a repetitive condensation reaction between two bi-functional monomers. These polycondensation reactions may result in the loss of some simple molecules as water, alcohol, etc., and lead to the formation of high molecular mass condensation polymers.

As the size of halogen atom increases, boiling point of alkyl halides increases. Thus, the correct order of boiling point is:

\(\mathrm{RI}>\mathrm{RBr}>\mathrm{RCl}>\mathrm{RF}\)

Let the oxidation number of phosphorous be \(x\) in all the compounds. 

We know that:

Oxidation number of \(H=+1, M g=+2\) and of \(O=-2\).

1. \(H_{3} P O_{2}: 3 \times 1+x+2 \times(-2)=0\)

\(3+x-4=0\) 

or, \(x=+1\)

2. \(H_{3} P O_{4}: 3 \times 1+x+4 \times(-2)=0\)

\(3+x-8=0\) 

or, \(x=+5\)

\(3 . M g_{2} P_{2} O_{7}: 2 \times 2+2 x+7 \times(-2)=0\)

\(4+2 x-14=0\) 

or, \(x=+5\)

4. \(P H_{3}: x+3 \times 1=0\)

\(x=-3\)

\(5 . H P O_{3}: 1+x+3 \times(-2)=0\)

\(1+x-6=0\) 

or, \(x=+5\)

Thus, the oxidation states of phosphorus in: 

\(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{2}, \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}, \mathrm{Mg}_{2} \mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}, \mathrm{PH}_{3}, \mathrm{HPO}_{3}\) is \(+1,+5,+5,-3,+5\), respectively.

A complex involving d²sp³ hybridization have octahedral geometry.

Baking powder contains Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate NaHCO₃ and tartaric acid. It is used for increasing the volume and lightening the texture of baked goods. It releases carbon dioxide gas into a batter or dough through an acid-base reaction, causes bubbles in the wet mixture which expands and thereby leavening the mixture.