Employment - Growth, Informalisation Test - 2

The false statement regarding India Vision 2020: Employment is option A.
Explanation:
India Vision 2020 is a comprehensive plan for the development of the country in various sectors, including employment. Let's analyze each option to identify the false statement:
A: By the year 2020 primary sector's employment in the total workforce is expected to increase to less than 45 percent. - This statement is false because the primary sector's employment in the total workforce is expected to decrease, not increase, as the country aims to shift towards a more service-based economy.
B: Increase the role of SME's, which create the majority of jobs. - This statement is true. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in generating employment opportunities in India.
C: India needs to generate in the order of 200 million additional employment opportunities over the next two decades. - This statement is true. With a growing population and increasing workforce, India needs to create a significant number of new job opportunities to meet the demand.
D: None - This statement is not relevant as it does not provide any information regarding the false statement.
Therefore, the false statement regarding India Vision 2020: Employment is option A.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Higher in rural areas.
Reasoning:
- In many developing countries, such as India, female worker participation rate is generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
- This can be attributed to various factors such as:
- Limited job opportunities in rural areas, leading to a higher necessity for women to work.
- Traditional gender roles and societal expectations, where women are more likely to participate in agricultural or informal labor in rural areas.
- Limited access to education and skill development opportunities for women in rural areas, leading to a higher proportion of women engaging in low-skilled labor.
- However, it is important to note that this is a generalized trend and may vary from country to country and within different regions.
To summarize, the female worker participation rate is generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas due to factors such as limited job opportunities, traditional gender roles, and limited access to education and skill development.

Explanation:
When a labor does not get employment opportunity despite his willingness to work at the existing wage rate, it is referred to as unemployment. Here is a detailed explanation:
Unemployment is a situation where individuals who are able and willing to work are unable to find suitable employment opportunities. It is an economic indicator that reflects the state of the labor market.
- Unemployment: Unemployment occurs when a labor force participant is actively seeking employment but is unable to find a job. It is a measure of the number of people who are without work but are actively looking for employment.
- Willingly unemployed: This term suggests that the individual is voluntarily choosing not to work, even though there may be employment opportunities available.
- Underemployment: Underemployment refers to a situation where individuals are working in jobs that are below their skill level or working part-time when they desire full-time employment.
- None: This option implies that there is no specific term or concept to describe the situation.
Therefore, the correct answer is Unemployment (Option A) as it accurately describes the situation when a labor does not get employment despite their willingness to work at the existing wage rate.

Job Security in the Organised Sector

In the organised sector, workers enjoy job security due to several factors:

• Labour laws and regulations: The organised sector is governed by labour laws and regulations that provide protection to workers, ensuring job security.


• Formal employment contracts: Workers in the organised sector usually have formal employment contracts that outline their rights and responsibilities, including job security provisions.


• Trade unions: The presence of trade unions in the organised sector helps in negotiating and safeguarding the interests of workers, including job security.


• Collective bargaining: Workers in the organised sector have the power to collectively bargain for better working conditions, wages, and job security.


• Government support: The government often provides support and protection to workers in the organised sector through various social security schemes, such as provident funds, pension schemes, and insurance coverage.

Overall, the organised sector offers a more secure working environment for employees compared to other sectors.

The shortage of long-term financing not only undermines capital formation due to which it becomes really hard to start a new business. Without a business it is hard to find work for the potential employees. Due to which lack of employment is caused.

Economic Activities in the Tertiary Sector:
- Banking
- Teaching
- Working in a call centre
Economic Activity Not in the Tertiary Sector:
- Bee-keeping
Explanation:
The tertiary sector refers to the sector of the economy that provides services to consumers and businesses. It includes activities such as banking, education, healthcare, and customer support. Bee-keeping, on the other hand, falls under the primary sector, which involves the extraction and production of raw materials. Bee-keeping is the practice of raising bees for honey, beeswax, and other bee-related products. It is an agricultural activity that falls under the primary sector as it involves the cultivation and harvesting of a natural resource (honey) rather than providing a service directly to consumers or businesses. Therefore, bee-keeping is not considered an economic activity in the tertiary sector.

Unemployment in rural areas:
Unemployment in rural areas can be categorized into three types: seasonal unemployment, disguised unemployment, and industrial unemployment. Let's explain each one in detail:
1. Seasonal Unemployment:
- Seasonal unemployment refers to the situation where individuals are unemployed during certain seasons or periods of the year.
- In rural areas, this type of unemployment is prevalent in agricultural activities that are dependent on specific seasons, such as sowing or harvesting crops.
- Farmers and agricultural laborers may experience unemployment during off-seasons when there is no agricultural work available.
2. Disguised Unemployment:
- Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where more people are engaged in a particular activity than required.
- In rural areas, this type of unemployment is common in traditional agriculture, where several family members work on a small piece of land, but the productivity remains the same.
- It is called "disguised" as the surplus workers do not contribute significantly to the overall productivity and can be withdrawn without affecting the output.
3. Industrial Unemployment:
- Industrial unemployment specifically refers to the lack of employment opportunities in the industrial sector within rural areas.
- As rural areas usually lack large-scale industries and factories, there is limited scope for employment in the industrial sector.
- This type of unemployment is a result of limited industrialization and lack of diversified economic activities in rural areas.
Conclusion:
In summary, unemployment in rural areas includes seasonal unemployment, disguised unemployment, and industrial unemployment. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to the dependency on specific agricultural seasons, disguised unemployment arises from surplus workers in traditional agriculture, and industrial unemployment results from limited industrialization in rural areas. Therefore, the correct option is B: I, II.

The correct answer is D. Seasonal unemployment. Let's understand why Indian agriculture ensures employment for only 7-8 months and leaves laborers unemployed for the remaining period:
Reasons for seasonal unemployment in Indian agriculture:
1. Dependence on monsoons: Indian agriculture heavily depends on monsoons for irrigation. As a result, farming activities can only take place during the monsoon season, which lasts for about 7-8 months in most parts of the country.
2. Seasonal nature of crops: Certain crops, such as rice, wheat, and pulses, have specific growing seasons. Farmers cultivate these crops during the monsoon season and harvest them once they are ready. This leads to a concentration of agricultural activities within a limited time frame.
3. Lack of irrigation facilities: Many parts of rural India lack proper irrigation facilities, making it difficult for farmers to cultivate crops throughout the year. As a result, they are restricted to the monsoon season for agricultural activities.
4. Limited employment opportunities: Due to the seasonal nature of agriculture, there is limited scope for employment in the sector throughout the year. This leads to a situation where laborers remain unemployed for the remaining period after the harvest season.
5. Lack of alternative sources of income: In rural areas, where agriculture is the primary source of livelihood, the lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during non-monsoon months leaves laborers with limited alternative sources of income. This further exacerbates the problem of seasonal unemployment.
Conclusion:
Seasonal unemployment in Indian agriculture is a significant issue that needs to be addressed. Efforts must be made to improve irrigation facilities, promote crop diversification, and create alternative employment opportunities to reduce the dependence on the monsoon season and provide year-round employment for laborers in the agricultural sector.

The number of people who reside in a particular locality at a particular point of time is known as Population.
Explanation:
- Population: The population refers to the total number of individuals (people) living in a specific area or locality at a given time.
- The population of an area can be determined through various methods such as census, surveys, and administrative records.
- It is an important demographic indicator that helps in understanding the size, composition, and characteristics of a specific population group.
- The population of a locality can vary over time due to factors such as birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.
- Governments, policymakers, and researchers use population data to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, urban planning, healthcare, education, and other social services.
- Understanding the population dynamics is crucial for planning and development purposes, as it helps in identifying the needs and demands of the population.
- Population data also plays a significant role in determining social and economic indicators such as population growth rate, population density, age distribution, gender ratio, and literacy rate.
- Hence, the correct answer to the given question is Population (Option B).

Disguised unemployment is:


Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where more people are engaged in production than actually required. It is a phenomenon commonly observed in sectors such as agriculture, where there is often an excess supply of labor. Here are the key points to understand about disguised unemployment:
1. Excess labor:
- Disguised unemployment occurs when there are more workers employed in a particular sector or industry than needed for efficient production.
- The presence of excess labor leads to inefficiency and underutilization of resources.
2. Lack of productivity:
- In disguised unemployment, the additional workers do not contribute significantly to the overall productivity or output of the industry.
- The marginal productivity of each worker becomes close to zero, as the work is divided among a larger number of workers.
3. Low wages and underemployment:
- Disguised unemployment often leads to low wages for workers, as the demand for labor is less than the available supply.
- Workers may also face underemployment, where they are unable to find full-time employment and have to settle for part-time or seasonal work.
4. Causes:
- Disguised unemployment may arise due to various factors such as technological advancements, lack of diversification in the economy, and limited job opportunities in rural areas.
- It can also be influenced by social and economic factors, such as a lack of education and skills among workers.
5. Impact:
- Disguised unemployment hinders economic growth and development as it leads to the inefficient use of resources.
- It can result in decreased productivity, lower income levels, and increased poverty in affected areas.
- Addressing disguised unemployment requires the implementation of policies and measures that promote job creation, skill development, and economic diversification.
In conclusion, disguised unemployment occurs when there is an excess supply of labor in a particular sector or industry, leading to underutilization of resources and low productivity. It is important for policymakers to address this issue by creating more job opportunities, promoting skill development, and encouraging economic diversification.