Question 1 5 / -1
What does Eco-Marxism refers to?
Solution
Concept :
Marxism:
Marxism is the political ideology based on Karl Marx’s ideas. Explanation:
Eco-Marxism:
Eco-Marxism is an ideology that combines aspects of the traditional Marxist political ideology with ecology and “green politics”. Ecological Marxism is the application of Karl Marx’s theories to the study and analysis of the environment and its related impacts and processes. Eco-Marxism is a combination of ecological research with Marxist thought and action. It mostly views the ongoing environmental degradation as the result of a destructive economic and political system – capitalism. Eco-Marxists view the expansion of capitalism through globalization as one of the root causes of environmental degradation, war, inequality, and poverty. Eco-Marxism highlights that the root cause of social injustice and environmental degradation is a capitalist world where the attainment of profit at all costs is the mantra. Eco-Marxism seeks to emphasize that humans are a part of nature and nature is a part of humans, therefore the exploitation of one means the exploitation of the other as they are linked. Eco Marxists consider the way that humans alter nature under capitalism as the root cause of environmental degradation. Thus, Eco-Marxism refers to Ecological degradation with Marxist thought and action.
Question 2 5 / -1
In the age of migration, the population of rural areas mostly consists of
Solution
Concept:
Migration:
When people move from one place to another, the place they move from is called the Place of Origin and the place they move to is called the Place of Destination. The place of origin shows a decrease in population while the population increases in the place of destination . Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal. It may take place from rural to rural areas, rural to urban areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas. Migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants. Migrants who move out of a place are called emigrants People migrate for a better economic and social life. Explanation:
Study shows that the age for migration is mainly between 20-30 years. That's why mainly the younger generation migrates to an urban area not the elderly. Young generations have less interest in primary occupations like agriculture, livestock farming, fishing, and apiculture, they want to shift to the urban areas from rural areas. Men leave their houses in search of jobs in urban areas whereas women take care of crops, children and elders in rural areas during migration.Rural to urban migration can lead to child labour when many young people (males) shift to cities for employment. Migration is sometimes gendered specific, where women remain behind in the process of migration into the rural area while their male relatives migrate to urban areas. Women remain in rural areas to take over household chores because of a lack of social and economic independence. Thus, in the age of migration, the population of rural areas mostly consists of women and elders.
Question 3 5 / -1
The problem of water pollution with Arsenic is maximum in
Solution
The correct answer is West Bengal .Key Points
Water Pollution: Water pollution, the release of substances into subsurface groundwater or into lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans to the point where the substances interfere with the beneficial use of the water or with the natural functioning of ecosystems. In addition to the release of substances, such as chemicals or microorganisms , water pollution may also include the release of energy, in the form of radioactivity or heat, into bodies of water. The problem of water pollution with Arsenic is maximum in West Bengal, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Haryana. Water bodies can be polluted by a wide variety of substances, including pathogenic microorganisms, putrescible organic waste, plant nutrients, toxic chemicals, sediments, heat, petroleum (oil), and radioactive substances. Water pollution happens when toxic substances enter water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in the water, or depositing on the bed. This degrades the quality of water. Additional Information
Causes of Water Pollution: Industries and industrial sites across the world are major contributors to water pollution.The process of marine dumping is exactly what it sounds like, dumping garbage into the waters of the ocean. Sewage and wastewater from each household are released into the sea with fresh water which is a major cause of water pollution. Oil Leaks and Spills. Rising temperatures due to global warming is a major concern in terms of water pollution. Radioactive Waste. Categories of Water Pollution: Groundwater: When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling the cracks, cesc revi, and porous spaces of an aquifer (basically an underground storehouse of water), it becomes groundwater—one of our least visible but most important natural resources. Nearly 40% of Americans rely on groundwater, pumped to the earth’s surface, for drinking water. For some folks in rural areas, it’s their only freshwater source. Groundwater gets polluted when contaminants—from pesticides and fertilizers to waste leaching from landfills and septic systems—make their way into an aquifer, rendering it unsafe for human use. Surface water: Covering about 70% of the earth , surface water is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and all those other blue bits on the world map. Surface water from freshwater sources (that is, from sources other than the ocean) accounts for more than 60% of the water delivered to American homes. Nearly half of our rivers and streams and more than one-third of our lakes are polluted and unfit for swimming, fishing, and drinking. Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and phosphates, is the leading type of contamination in these freshwater sources. Ocean water: 80% of ocean pollution (also called marine pollution) originates on land—whether along the coast or far inland.Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy metals are carried from farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our bays and estuaries; from there they travel out to sea. Meanwhile, marine debris—particularly plastic—is blown in by the wind or washed in via storm drains and sewers. Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by oil spills and leaks —big and small—and are consistently soaking up carbon pollution from the air. The Most Common Types of Water Contamination: Agricultural: Not only is the agricultural sector the biggest consumer of global freshwater resources , with farming and livestock production using about 70% of the earth’s surface water supplies, but it’s also a serious water polluter. Around the world, agriculture is the leading cause of water degradation. Agricultural pollution is the top source of contamination in rivers and streams , the second-biggest source in wetlands, and the third main source in lakes.It’s also a major contributor to the contamination of estuaries and groundwater. Sewage and wastewater: It comes from our sinks, showers, and toilets (think sewage) and from commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities (think metals, solvents, and toxic sludge). The term also includes stormwater runoff, which occurs when rainfall carries road salts, oil, grease, chemicals, and debris from impermeable surfaces into our waterways.
Question 4 5 / -1
The purpose of biological treatment of waste-water is to
Solution
Concept:
Sewage:
Sewage is wastewater released by homes, industries, hospitals, offices and other users. It also includes rainwater that has run down the street during a storm or heavy rain. The water that washes off roads and rooftops carries harmful substances with it. Sewage is liquid waste. Most of it is water, which has dissolved and suspended impurities. Sewage treatment:
Cleaning of water is a process of removing pollutants before it enters a water body or is reused.This process of wastewater treatment is commonly known as sewage treatment. There are mainly three types of sewage treatment stages primary, secondary or biological, and tertiary sewage treatments. Explanation:
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD):
Water pollution by o rganic wastes is measured in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria in decomposing the organic wastes present in water. The higher value of BOD indicates low dissolved oxygen content of water and high water pollution. The total amount of oxygen gas present in the water is called dissolved oxygen (DO). BOD is the biological method used for the measurement of the total amount of dissolved oxygen (DO). Explanation :
Biological wastewater treatment:
It aims at the optimal removal of organic substances from wastewater. Biological wastewater treatment often is used as a secondary treatment process to remove material remaining after primary treatment with processes including dissolved air flotation (DAF). In the primary water treatment process, sediments and substances such as oil are removed from the wastewater. It is the removal of biodegradable organic matter from sewage or similar types of wastewater. The purpose of the biological treatment of wastewater is to reduce BOD. This is usually done with the help of microorganisms, hence it is called biological treatment. The microorganisms feed on the organic matter present in the wastewater thereby reducing the organic load of the wastewater and purifying the water. Thus, the purpose of the biological treatment of wastewater is to reduce BOD.
Additional Information
Question 5 5 / -1
What is the major reason of migration between urban and rural areas?
Solution
Concept:
Migration:
When people move from one place to another, the place they move from is called the Place of Origin and the place they move to is called the Place of Destination. The place of origin shows a decrease in population while the population increases in the place of destination . Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal. It may take place from rural to rural areas, rural to urban areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas. Migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants. Migrants who move out of a place are called emigrants People migrate for a better economic and social life. Urbanization:
Urbanisation means the increase in the proportion population of a country that lives in urban areas. Urban areas are characterised by high human population density and vast human-built features. Urban areas are like cities or towns, developed by the process of urbanisation. Due to heavy population, urbanisation and industrialisation, several problems and threats have arisen in u rban areas. Explanation:
The major reason for migration between urban and rural areas:
The increasing gap between developing and undeveloped is the major reason for migration. The gap between rich and poor, urban and rural has led to massive immigration from rural areas to urban areas. According to the education portal rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries which facilitated production and economic growth. For better job opportunities or employment , people migrate. In the urban areas, due to large-scale migration people get better living conditions like roads, schools, water pipes and more vehicles, and quality of life gets deteriorated. People need more wealth so they move to urban areas. In urban areas, people can get better security and faceless crime. More fertile land means more food which also causes urban migration. The urban area most of the time politically stable so, people move there. Thus, the major reason for migration between urban and rural areas is the increasing gap between urban and rural areas.
Question 6 5 / -1
Which one of the following is not correct as regards the harmful effects of particulate matter of the size 2.5 micro meters or less
Solution
Concept:
Particulate matter:
Particulate matter is also known as particle pollution or PM. It is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particulate matter is made up of several components. These components include acids such as nitrates and sulfate, organic chemicals, metals, and solid dust particles. Particulate matter based on size can fall into two different categories:Inhalable coarse particles: The diameter size of the particles ranges from 2.5 to 10 micrometres (PM10 ). Fine Particles: Usually found in haze and smoke and the size can range up to 2.5 micrometres ( PM2.5 ). Explanation:
Effects of PM2.5 :
Small particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter pose the greatest problems. They can get deep into your lungs , and some may even get into your bloodstream. Exposure to such particles can cause a variety of problems, including:premature death in people with heart or lung disease nonfatal heart attacks irregular heartbeat aggravated asthma decreased lung function increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing. People with heart or lung diseases, children, and older adults are the most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure. Thus, the harmful effects of particulate matter of the size 2.5 micro meters or less is does not include that it can directly enter into our circulatory system.
Additional Information Particulate matter present in the air is mainly of two types:
Viable Particulate Matter :
These particles include lower living organisms such as algae, bacteria, molds, fungi, etc. They are dispersed into the air. Human beings are allergic to these microorganisms and they can also cause different types of diseases in plants and animals. Non-Viable Particulate Matter:
We can classify these particles based on size and their nature. These particulates include smoke, dust, mists, and fumes.
Question 7 5 / -1
Which of the following is a secondary pollutant?
Solution
Concept:
Air pollutants:
Pollutants are classified in different ways. According to origin pollutants are two types. Explanation:
Primary pollutants:
These are directly emitted from the sources in the atmosphere in a harmful form. They can be natural (volcanic eruptions or fires, for example) or of anthropogenic origin (carbon monoxide from vehicles). Secondary Pollutants:
These are derived from primary pollutants due to chemical or photochemical reactions in the atmosphere they become hazardous after reaction in the air. The best-known secondary pollutants are certain gases that are synthesized by photochemical reactions in the lower atmosphere. The primary emitted chemicals in these reactions are hydrocarbons and gaseous oxides of nitrogen such as nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Its origin lies in the interactions between the primary emissions in the atmosphere. Important Points
Examples of primary and secondary air pollutants:
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
Carbon monoxide (CO) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx, NO) Sulfur oxides (SOx) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) highly Particulate matter (dust, ash, salt particles) Ozone PAN Smog Formaldehyde Sulphuric Acid
Thus, ozone is called a secondary air pollutant.
Question 8 5 / -1
Which of the following is used for the removal of particulates as well as gaseous pollutants _________.
Solution
Key Points Wet Scrubbers:
Wet scrubbers are used to remove particulates as well as gaseous pollutants. A wet scrubber is used to provide contact between scrubbing liquid usually water and particulate to be collected. Wet scrubbers are mainly used as air pollution control devices to remove particulate matter/ dangerous gases coming out of industries. Important Points
Device Uses Catalytic converters It is used to reduce emissions from automobiles. Electrostatic precipitators It is used to remove fine particles like dust, smoke etc from gases using their electrostatic discharge. Fluidized bed adsorbers It is used to treat air coming out of industries using an activated charcoal bed.
Question 9 5 / -1
Positive pollution of soil is due to
Solution
The solution is All of these
Concept
Soil pollution- the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough concentration to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. It can be also defined as the addition of substances to the soil, which adversely affects the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil and reduces its productivity. Negative Pollution- Deterioration in the productivity of soil due to a reduction in quality or quantity of topsoil is called negative soil pollution. It is caused by over-use and erosion .Positive Pollution- It is a reduction in soil productivity and deterioration in the quality of plants.due to the addition of pollution from the air, faulty sanitation, industrial effluents, supra-optimum fertilizers, and pesticides.Third Pollution- It is landscape pollution in which the land is so severely misused that it becomes filthy and odorous because of the dumping of garbage, rubbish, sludge, ash, industrial wastes, etc. over it. Explanation
Positive Pollution is caused byPesticides, herbicides, and fumigants Chemical fertilizers Industrial Wastes air pollutants washed down from the atmosphere through the rain.Industrial Wastes - Both solid and liquid wastes of the industry are dumped over the soil.The wastes contain a number of toxic chemicals like mercury, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, cyanides, thiocyanates, chromates, acids, alkalies, organic solvents, etc. Chemical fertilizers - added to the soils enter the crop plants as well as leach down into the water table to become part of underground water.Nitrogen fertilization produces a toxic concentration of nitrate or nitrite in the leaves and fruits, e.g., Spinach, Mustard, and Lettuce.Excessive use of chemical fertilizers causes soil deterioration through the decrease in natural bacterial population (nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying) and destruction of crumb structure. The salt content of the soil is also bound to increase with the continuous use of fertilizers . Thus, Excessive use of fertilizers, the addition of wastes to soil, and reduction in soil productivity all result in Positive pollution of Soil
Additional Information Control of Soil Pollution:
The use of pesticides should be minimized . Biological control should be known and implemented. The use of fertilizers should be highly judicious. Cropping techniques should be improved so that weeds are unable to take a foothold in the fields. This would automatically reduce the use of weedicides or herbicides.Special pits or low-lying areas are selected for the dumping of industrial wastes .Improvement in mining techniques and transport of extracted materials so that spread of mine dust should be minimized. The area should not be left barren and dry. Instead, afforestation should be carried out as soon as it becomes feasible.Controlled grazing and proper forest management. Windbreaks and windshields in areas exposed to wind erosion.Planting of soil binding grasses and other perennials along the banks and slopes prone to rapid erosion. Afforestation and reforestation.
Question 10 5 / -1
Gandhian economy emphasises on:
Solution
Explanation:
Gandhian economy:
This school of economic thought was based on the spiritual and socio-economic principles, laid by Mahatma Gandhi. He found that western economic systems were unsustainable and devastating to the human spirits as they were based on the multiplication of needs. Gandhi's model was aimed at fulfilment of needs, so this model contained elements of protectionism, nationalism, non-violence and rejection of class war in favour of socio-economic harmony. Gandhiji worked to develop ways to fight India's extreme poverty, backwardness and socio-economic challenges. Mahatma Gandhi's economic ideas were humanistic in nature , stemming from his concern for slaving peasants, factory workers, and unemployment. Gandhiji gave numerous messages to humanity through 'Ahimsa, Sarvodaya and Satya'. Through the Gandhian economy, he also told us about cultural values from which we can get the idea about what is good, right and fair values within a culture. Gandhi's campaign of swadeshi and non-cooperation was centred on principles of economic self-sufficiency.
Under Gandhian economics, production is determined by social necessity and not by personal greed. Gandhiji adopted a non-violent rural economy, as an aim of development.
Thus, the Gandhian economy emphasises humanitarian and cultural values.
Question 11 5 / -1
The German Green Party contested their first national election in
Solution
Concept:
Green politics:
Green politics can be defined as a political ideology whose aim is to create an ecologically sustainable society whose roots lie in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy. It began in the western world in 1970. Supporters of Green Politics share ideas with ecology conservation, environmentalism, feminism and peace movements. Green politics, often known as ecopolitics, is a political theory based on ecology and other social issues. The party is typically considered left-wing on the political spectrum. Explanation:
German Green Party:
The German Green Party contested their first national election in 1980. It was started as a provisional coalition of civic groups and identified four pillars of the party via Green Philosophy. Thus, The German Green Party contested their first national election in 1980.
Additional Information
Four pillars of green politics:
Grassroots Democracy:
It includes designing political processes where the decision-making authority is shifted to the lowest geographic or social level of organisation.
It is one of the reliable governance models for achieving social change.
The principle is for democratic power to be exercised.
Ecological Wisdom:
Ecological wisdom can be defined as "Whatever we take from the earth, we must give back to the earth". We have to recognise the negative impact of human beings on the natural environment, the planet, and the biosphere. After we recognise the negative impact on humans we need to reduce its impact. and find alternate ways to create harmony with Earth's various forms of life. Social Justice:
Social justice is justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities , and distinctions between class, sexual orientation or culture. Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. The institutions can prevent the strong from exploiting the weak. Non-Violence:
Non-violence is the personal practice of being harmless to not only self but also others under any circumstance.The Green movement's policy rejects the use of violence to overcome its opponents. It comes from the belief not to hurt people, animals and the environment.
Question 12 5 / -1
Who is also known as Panchayat President?
Solution
The correct answer is Sarpanch.
Key Points
The grassroots level of Panchayati Raj is Gram Panchayat . The gram panchayat is divided into wards and each ward is represented by ward Member known as Panchayat member . The panchayat president is known as Sarpanch . The representatives are elected for a term of five years . Each ward elects a representative who is known as the Ward Member (Panch). All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is the Panchayat President. The Gram Panchayat is elected for five years . The Gram Panchayat has a Secretary who is also the Secretary of the Gram Sabha. This person is not an elected person but is appointed by the government. The Secretary is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat and keeping a record of the proceedings
Question 13 5 / -1
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
List-I (Migration) List-II (Reason) (a) Forcible migration (i) In search of a job (b) Internal migration (ii) Human trafficking (c) Temporary migration (iii) Due to natural disasters (d) Involuntary migration (iv) Due to travel and pilgrimage
Solution
Concept:
Migration:
When people move from one place to another, the place they move from is called the Place of Origin and the place they move to is called the Place of Destination. The place of origin shows a decrease in population while the population increases in the place of destination . Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal. It may take place from rural to rural areas, rural to urban areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas. Migrants who move into a new place are called immigrants. Migrants who move out of a place are called emigrants People migrate for a better economic and social life. Explanation:
Migration Description Forcible migration
The movements of refugees, migrants, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are referred to as forced migration. These can occur within their country or after they have been displaced from their homeland Examples: displacement due to natural disasters Internal migration
Human migration within a country is known as internal migration or domestic migration.Internal migration is usually for educational and economic reasons Example: migration in search of a job. Temporary migration
Temporary migration is defined as migrating to a place that is not intended to be permanent. It is done for a specific and limited length of time and is usually done for a specific purpose Examples: migration due to tourism, a pilgrimage or attending a conference, or for more specialised reasons, such as medical treatment, study, skilled job, working vacations, or other specialist activities.Involuntary migration
It is an involuntary migration where people are forced to leave a place because of influence or fear Examples: Human trafficking, forced labour or sexual exploitation.
Thus, the correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) -(iv), (d) - (ii).
List-I (Migration) List-II (Reason) (a) Forcible migration (iii) Due to natural disasters (b) Internal migration (i) In search of a job (c) Temporary migration (iv) Due to travel and pilgrimage (d) Involuntary migration (ii) Human trafficking
Question 14 5 / -1
A taxon which is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in immediate future is known as
Solution
Concept:
Conservation of biodiversity:
Biodiversity conservation can be done in two modes i.e. In-Situ and Ex-Situ. The mode of conservation which includes protective maintenance of threatened species outside the areas where they naturally occu r is called as Ex-Situ Conservation . Examples : Zoological parks and Botanical gardens, in-vitro fertilization, tissue culture propagation, and cryopreservation of gametesIn-Situ Conservation: The conservation method to protect the entire ecosystem in which the species are protected in their natural habitat. Examples: National parks, Sanctuaries Biosphere reserves, Reserved forests, Protected forestsExplanation:
Conservation status Description Critically endangered A species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild is known as critically endangered. Example: Black rhino, Red wolf, Northern white rhino, etc. Endangered Species face a very high risk of extinction in the wild known as endangered. Example: Asian elephants, Blue whales, Green sea turtles, etc. Vulnerable Species that face a high risk of extinction in the wild are known as vulnerable. Example: Blackbuck, Blue sheep, etc.
Rare Species that are uncommon, scarce, or infrequently encountered are labelled as rare. Example: Himalayan brown bear, etc.Exotic Species of plants and animals that are non-native i.e. an area where they do not occur naturally but are in troduced into the system from outside are exotic. Example: Nilgiri tahr etc.
Thus, a taxon that is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in immediate future is known as critically endangered. Confusion Points
Rare species are not necessarily to be Endangered or Vulnerable.Rare species of plants and animals are just the species that are not in abundance , and their numbers are naturally low because of their restricted range.
Question 15 5 / -1
Social forestry is useful in yielding
Solution
Explanation:
Social forestry:
It means management and protection of forests and afforestation on barren lands. The term 'Social forestry was first used by the National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India in 1976. India started social forestry programme by planting trees on unused and fallow land. This programme was initiated to increase forest area near human settlement and afforestation on degraded lands. Trees were planted in and around agricultural fields, along railway lines, roadsides and river and canal banks. They were planted in village common land, government watershed and village panchayat land. Social forestry was initiated in India to increase fuel availability in rural areas and to prevent soil erosion.
The common man was involved to increase available resources for timber, fuel wood, and fodder so that pressure for demand for these resources is reduced on forests.
Rural people have depended on village forests to meet their demands.
With the introduction of the social forestry scheme, the government recognised the local community's right to forest resources to involve and take the help of local people in afforestation and rehabilitation of degraded forests and common lands.
Social forestry schemes are categorised into farm forestry, community forestry, extension forestry and agroforestry.
Thus , Social forestry is useful in yielding multipurpose use.
Question 16 5 / -1
Biosphere reserve programme started in India
Solution
Explanation:
Biosphere reserves:
Biosphere reserves are the protected areas meant for the conservation of plants and animals. The biosphere reserve has both terrestrial and coastal ecosystems. It also restores the traditional life of the tribals living in that vicinity. Biosphere reserves are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere program (MAB). The biosphere reserve program was started by UNESCO in 1971 and in India it was started in 1986. There are moderate restrictions in the place. There are three zones in the biosphere reserve. These zones are core, buffer, and manipulation. Important Points
The biosphere reserves aim at achieving the three objectives as depicted below:
Conservation: conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem.Development: association of environment with development.Logistics: international network for research and monitoring, and to provide facilities for education awareness and training.Thus, the biosphere reserve programme started in India in 1986.
Additional Information
First biosphere reserve of India: The Nilgiri Biosphere ReserveLatest biosphere reserve in India: Panna Biosphere ReserveLargest biosphere reserve in India: Gulf of Kachchh, GujaratSmallest biosphere reserve in India: Dibru-Saikhowa, Assam
Question 17 5 / -1
Which of the following means of reducing birth-rate is not legitimate in India
Solution
Concept:
The birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. Methods /means of reducing the birth rate vary from country to country. There are numerous methods available for reducing the birth rate. But among them, some methods are not legitimate. Explanation:
Some methods that can be used for reducing birth rates in India are:
Improved Educational Opportunities for Women. Better Access to Contraception. Family Planning Advice. Increasing Societal Prosperity. The use of Intrauterine Devices (IUDs). Medical termination of pregnancy is also there. Increase in marriageable age for women. Thus, deprivation of the expectant mother from the fundamental right for reducing the birth rate is not legitimate in India.
Question 18 5 / -1
What type of human population is represented by the following pyramid
Solution
Concept:
Population pyramid:
Population pyramids help to show how populations are composed and how they are changing These are the graph that displays the age-sex distribution of a country's human population at a given frame of time This graphical representation is used to study the composition of a country's population . Explanation:
Declining population pyramid:
This kind of pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top. Which shows the low birth and death rate. Thus, we can say that this given pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top so it is a declining population pyramid.
Additional Information Expanding population pyramid:
Expanding population pyramid shows larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups. It is a triangular-shaped pyramid with a wide base. Such pyramids are of less developed countries. As these countries have larger populations in lower age groups due to the high birth rate. Stable population pyramid:
Stable population pyramids are those that show an equal proportion of the population in each age group. These pyramids have a rectangular-shaped base with a slightly tapered top. This shape denotes more death occurring among older people, which is natural. A stable birth rate indicates the use of birth control measures. Life expectancy inside regions is high due to better living conditions and availability of medical services etc.
Question 19 5 / -1
A population has more young individuals compared to older individuals. What would be the status of the population after some years
Solution
Population:
A population is a collection of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area at a specific time and acting as a single unit. The density of population is expressed as the number of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better understanding of the spatial distribution of population in relation to land. The density of population in India (2011) is 382 persons per sq km. Explanation:
Expansive Pyramid (Triangular):
This pyramid has a broad base showing more young people (pre-reproductive) and a tapering apex with less number of old (Post-reproductive) people. The number of reproductive individuals is moderate . Birth and death rates are high, and conditions are not suitable, so the expected life is short. An excess number of young adult male population leads to social unrest. The rate of growth depends on the comparative size of the pre-reproductive population. Thus, the population has more young individuals compared to older individuals. It will decline after some years.
Additional Information
Population pyramids:
People of each age range live in the area.
There exists a probability of more females than males in the older age group as females are expected to show a longer life expectancy.
Population pyramid also called age pyramid is a method of showing the distribution of various age groups in a population.
It is an indication of reproductive capabilities and the likelihood of continuation of species
Question 20 5 / -1
Gandhiji's concept of development is ______________ through ____________.
Solution
Concept:
Mahatma Gandhi:
Mahatma Gandhi has been regarded as the 'Father' of the Indian nation. The School of economic thought was based on the spiritual and socio-economic principles, laid by Mahatma Gandhi.
He found that western economic systems were unsustainable and devastating to the human spirits as they were based on the multiplication of needs.
Gandhiji adopted a non-violent rural economy, as an aim of development.
Under Gandhian economics, production is determined by social necessity and not by personal greed.
Gandhiji worked to develop ways to fight India's extreme poverty, backwardness and socio-economic challenges.
Explanation:
Sarvodaya:
Sarvodaya is a term first coined by Mahatma Gandhi, meaning 'universal uplift' or 'progress of all. The term 'Sarvodaya' is a compound term - Sarvo (all) and Udaya (uplift) - an uplift of all. Sarvodaya means "upliftment of all" The Gandhian social ideals, encompassed the dignity of labour, equitable distribution of wealth, communal self-sufficiency, and individual freedom. Antyodaya:
Gandhiji's concept of development is Sarvodaya through Antyodaya. Antyodaya means 'uplift of the last' or upliftment of the poorest. 'Gandhiji hoped that he could persuade the whole of India to embrace it, becoming a light to other nations of the world. Thus, Gandhiji's concept of development is Sarvodaya through Antyodaya.
Additional Information Gram Swaraj:
Most of India lives in villages.
Villages are basic units of social organisation , they should be self-sufficient in matters like the availability of clean air and water.
Gandhi was against industrialisation but in favour of the decentralisation of big industries and factories.
He favoured the idea of autonomous and self-contained villages in which there would be intimate relations between humans and self-rule.
Village Panchayats have executive, legislative and judicial powers.
The planning model based on the Gandhian economy would develop into labour-intensive, non-exploitative, non-violent ownership, cooperative, equal, self-reliant village economy with simplicity and limited wants and needs. In order to provide full employment opportunities to all people, Gandhiji emphasised on spread and expansion of khadi and village industries. Self-sufficient village:
Gandhi believed that India lives in villages and the development of villages will mean the development of India as a whole. Gandhi saw the problems associated with industrialisation and modernisation. So, he thought villages must be developed and made self-sufficient, otherwise, migration will continue, leading to overcrowding in the cities. Gandhi's economic ideas were closely linked to the upliftment of weaker and underprivileged sections of society and the overall development of the village economy. So vigorous efforts were made by Gandhi for the upliftment of villages, by making them financially independent, and developing small and cottage industries. Gandhi believed that the progress of the country lies in the development of its rural villages and hope.
Question 21 5 / -1
A sewer which receives stormwater, surface runoff and sewage is called a/an
Solution
Concept:
Sewer:
The term "sewer" refers to the pipe that transports human waste from homes and communities to a treatment facility. Sewage system:
Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial establishments. It includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens and sinks draining into sewers, it also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. Explanation:
Combined sewer:
Rainwater runoff, home sewage, and industrial wastewater are all collected in the same pipe by combined sewer systems. Combined sewer systems, for the most part, convey all of the effluents to a sewage treatment plant, where it is processed before being discharged into a water body. However, during seasons of excessive rainfall or snowfall, the volume of wastewater in a combined sewage system can exceed the sewer system's or treatment plant's capacity. Important Points
Advantages of combined sewer:
Because sewers are vast, cleaning them is simple. The expense of maintenance is lower. Dilution of sewage by stormwater lessens its strength. It is simple to obtain the self-cleaning velocity. Thus, a sewer which receives stormwater, surface runoff and sewage is called a combined sewer. Additional Information
Branch sewer:
A branch sewer is one that collects wastewater from a small region and discharges it into a trunk sewer that serves multiple branch-sewer areas. Branch sewers usually have a diameter of eight (8) to ten (10) inches . A branch sewer is a sewer to which an individual building sewer is attached in plumbing. Outfall sewer:
Any pipe or conduit used to transport either raw sewage or treated effluent to a final point of release into a body of water i s known as an outfall sewer. It transports sewage to the treatment plant or to the point of final discharge. It is the connection between the lowest branch and the ultimate point of disposal.
Question 22 5 / -1
The formula for exponential population growth is
Solution
Concept:
The constant birth rate in a population throughout time and which is not limited by food or disease is known as exponential growth. Explanation:
A population shows exponential growth when there is no limitation on growth i.e. in an idealized unlimited environment. In this condition resources are unlimited. It takes place in the abundance of resources like food, land , etc. Under an ideal unlimited environment, the per capita rate of increment of the population (the number of offspring born per individual) is maximum. The exponential population growth curve is a J-Shaped curve. This population growth can result in a population explosion. Here the population has no limiting agents with plenty of resources. The formula for exponential population growth is dN/ dt = rN. In this equation d is the rate of change. N is the number of existing individuals. r is the maximum rate of increase. t is time. And dN/dt is the rate of change in population size. Thus, the formula for exponential growth is dN/dt=rN.
Question 23 5 / -1
Stewardship of land means
Solution
Explanation:
Stewardship land:
Stewardship of the land is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources, herein referred to as 'land'. Stewardship of Land is an ethic for the protection and management of land, to save and protect it for present and future needs. It calls upon everyone in society to take responsibility for protecting and conserving natural resources through conservation and sustainable practices. Management of land is essential for the benefit of future generations. Encouraging the community to actively protect the natural resources as the livelihood of the community depends upon the natural resources. It is not only the present generation but also future generations ' livelihood that is dependent upon the conservation of natural resources. The concept of stewardship of land' is employed to monitor, conserve, and manage land, to encourage the community for sustaining ecological health. It maintains the plants as well as animals. Thus, stewardship of land means protection and management of land to save and protect it for present and future needs.
Additional Information T hree levels of stewardship :
Conservation Easement:
The conservation easement 'runs with the land' meaning it is applicable to both present and future owners of the land. It refers to monitoring and enforcement of conservation easement and limiting development on private properties which have significant conservation values. There can be different casement purposes like: Maintain and improve water quality. Foster the growth of healthy forests. Maintain and improve wildlife corridors. Ensuring that the lands are managed properly so that they are available for sustainable agriculture and forestry. Land Management:
Land management refers to the process of managing the use and development of land in both rural and urban areas. The land is used for a variety of purposes which are organic agriculture, water management, eco-tourism projects, and ecological health. Land management refers to the best use of land. It covers all activities concerned with the management of land as a resource, both from environmental and from economic perspectives. Community stewardship:
The next level of stewardship refers to stewardship that is responsible for planning and management of resources as a community's responsibility to value the development programmes and objectives to protect the community's region's landscape. Community stewardship ensures the sustainability of both, natural resources and human life in that area. The community shall work for the management of natural resources in partnership to develop the regional or community landscape.
Question 24 5 / -1
Which option is correct, when we only accomplish two out of three pillars of Sustainable Development?
Solution
The correct answer is option 3.
The concept of “sustainable development” came into general usage after the Brundtland Commission Report (1987). The concept of sustainable development was emphasised by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
Sustainable Development (SD):
Brundtland stated that "sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present generation, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.SD enables the present generation to use natural resources judiciously so that their availability is ensured for future generations too. The United Nations 2005 World Summit outcome document refers to three "interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development Three Pillars of Sustainability
The three pillars of sustainability are a powerful tool for defining the Sustainable Development problem. This consists of three parameters: Economic, Social, and Environmental pillars. If anyone pillar is weak then the system as a whole is unsustainable. Two popular ways to visualize the three pillars are shown in the figure below:
Social Sustainability
Social Sustainability focuses on social systems, such as a country, family, or organization. It requires them to function at a defined level of social well-being and harmony indefinitely. Problems like war, endemic poverty, widespread injustice, and low education rate are symptoms of a system that is socially unsustainable. Environmental Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability is the ability of the environment to support a defined level of environmental quality and natural resource extraction rates indefinitely. This is the world's biggest actual problem. This problem receives too low a priority to be solved and is consequently delayed. Economic Sustainability
Economic Sustainability is the ability of an economy to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely. Since the Great Recession of 2008, this is the world's biggest apparent problem that endangers the progress of environmental sustainability.
Equitable Sustainability = Social Sustainability + Economic SustainabilityViable Sustainability = Environment Sustainability + Economic SustainabilityAcceptable Sustainability = Social Sustainability + Environment SustainabilityThus, Equitable = Social Sustainability + Economic Sustainability is correct, when we only accomplish two out of three pillars of Sustainable Development.
Question 25 5 / -1
A local system of canal irrigation called 'kulhs' has evolved in parts of
Solution
The correct answer is Himachal Pradesh.
Concept:
Irrigation: It refers to the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.Explanation:
Kuhls:
These are a traditional irrigation system in Himachal Pradesh -surface channels diverting water from natural flowing streams (khuds). The water from glaciers is channelled into small canals leading to the fields. The kuhls were constructed and maintained by the village community. The system consists of a temporary headwall (constructed usually with river boulders) across a khud (ravine) for storage and diversion of the flow through a canal to the fields. Since in hilly regions it is not possible to make tube wells, kulhs were developed. Additional Information
Water Harvesting: Water harvesting is a practice to conserve water by collecting rainwater in an organized way.
The rainwater is not allowed to flow and get wasted but collected in tanks. The main purpose however is not the collection but the enhancement of groundwater levels. The collected water through tubes is made to recharge groundwater. Maintenance of groundwater is a long term sustainable structure for water conservation. Other ancient methods of water harvesting in different states of India:
State Water harvesting system Rajasthan khadins, tanks, Nadins Maharashtra Banderas, Tals Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh Bundhis Bihar Pyhes, Pynes Jammu Eris (tanks)
Question 26 5 / -1
Which of the following is not an environmental impact of urbanization?
Solution
The correct answer is Crime .
Key Points
Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. Some of the environmental impact of urbanization-Air Pollution : Episodes of high levels of sulfurous smog killed or sickened thousands in Donora in 1948, as well as in London in 1952. Other cities—primarily in the industrialized regions suffer from notoriously bad air quality. It is the result of very high emissions of sulfur dioxide, smoke, and other particles during stagnant, foggy weather conditions.Solid waste : Urbanization directly contributes to waste generation, and unscientific waste handling causes health hazards and urban environmental degradation. Flash flood : Removing vegetation and soil, grading the land surface, and constructing drainage networks increase runoff to streams from rainfall and snowmelt. As a result, the peak discharge, volume, and frequency of floods increase in nearby streams. Crime is not an environmental impact of urbanization.
Question 27 5 / -1
Select the incorrect match
Solution
Explanation:
Barry Commoner: Marxist theory of Ecology
Barry Commoner:
He was an American biologist, college professor and politician, he was born on May 28, 1917. He received his bachelor's degree in zoology from Columbia University in 1937. He won Newcombe Cleaveland Prize in 1953. In the late 1950's he became well known for his opposition. to nuclear weapons testing. He wrote a number of books about the evil effects of nuclear testing on the environment. Marxist theory of Ecology:
Karl Marx belonged to an era when nature was taken for granted and people were yet to witness environmental problems. He believed in the principle that he considered the environment to be a medium for human labour. He believed man is superior to nature and nature was a material which is to be used for man's needs. Though he considered human beings were just a part of nature, the destiny of nature was shaped and dependent on man's labour. Marx's prediction was that humans would influence nature and in turn, be influenced by it. A man could use science and technology to control nature and nature would be dependent on it. He believed that the ongoing environmental degradation is the result of a destructive economic and political system. Thus,
Earth first: Deep Ecology - Correct
Gary Snyder: Deep Ecology - Correct
Wendel Berry: Stewardship of land - Correct
Barry Commoner: Marxist theory of Ecology - Incorrect
Additional Information Earth first: Deep Ecology
Earth First is a radical environmental advocacy group that emerged in. the southwestern United States in 1979. It was cofounded on April 4, 1980, by Dave Foreman, Mike Roselle, Bart Kochbr, and Ron Kezar. In the early years, the group came up with. proposals that the mainstream environmentalists avoided. They started a fund for Wild Nature which was eventually used for research, publicity and education by activists. In mid-1980 its activists began to identify the 'Deep Ecology' theory. They not only identified the theory but even promoted the idea that all forms of life on earth have a value attached to them which is not dependent on their value to human beings. Gary Snyder: Deep Ecology
Deep ecology:
Deep ecology is an environmental philosophy and social movement. It argues that the natural world is a subtle balance of complex interrelationships in which the existence of an organism is dependent on the existence of others within the ecosystem. Deep as it looks deeply into the actual reality of human relationship with the whole natural world. The world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by humans except to meet basic human needs, humans have no authority to limit diversity. It aims at conserving and saving nature for the inherent aim of maintaining and conserving the environment. Gary Snyder:
Gary Snyder is a writer from the United States. Gary Snyder an eminent poet, educator, and environmentalist was born on May 8, 1930. He has been described as the poet laureate of Deep Ecology. Snyder is a Pulitzer Prize and American Book Award winner for poetry. Wendel Berry: Stewardship of the land
Stewardship land:
Stewardship of the land is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources, herein referred to as 'land'. Stewardship of Land is an ethic for the protection and management of land, to save and protect it for present and future needs. It calls upon everyone in society to take responsibility for protecting and conserving natural resources through conservation and sustainable practices. Management of land is essential for the benefit of future generations. Encouraging the community to actively protect the natural resources as the livelihood of the community depends upon the natural resources. It is not only the present generation but also future generations ' livelihood that is dependent upon the conservation of natural resources. The concept of stewardship of land' is employed to monitor, conserve, and manage land to encourage the community for sustaining ecological health. Wendel Berry:
Wendell E. Berry is an American novelist, poet and environmental activist.
Wendell Berry takes a stand on stewardship of the land.
He said that " In the loss of skill, we lose stewardship; in losing stewardship we lose fellowship".
He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers.
Berry is an activist, who took part in non-violent civil disobedience against the construction of a Nuclear Power plant in Indiana.
He is against the Death Penalty and in favour of the concept of sustainable development.
Question 28 5 / -1
Under water treatment chlorination conducted for-
Solution
Concept:
A disinfectant is a chemical that kills the disease-causing micro-organisms.
The most commonly used chemicals as primary disinfectants are chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone. Among them Chlorine is the most widely used primary disinfectant throughout the world.
Additional Information
Properties of a good disinfectant:
1. It should be persistent enough to prevent the regrowth of organisms in the distribution system so that the water will be safe from future recontamination.
2. It must be toxic to micro-organisms at concentrations well below the toxic thresholds of humans and higher animals so that it cannot negatively affect the animals or humans.
3. It should have a fast rate of kill of micro-organisms.
4. It should be active and stable and environmentally safe.
5. It should not leave damage and odour.
Alum is added in water in order to remove the very fine suspended particles in water by the process of coagulation and sedimentation. It also removes phosphorous from water.
Lime is added in water to lower the hardness of water. It is generally removed the temporary hardness i.e. hardness due to multivalent cations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water.
Question 29 5 / -1
Which one of the following types describes water as a resource?
Solution
The correct answer is Cyclic Resource .
Key Points
Cyclic Resource A cyclic resource is what can be formed, again and again , Similarly water is a cyclic resource . The water from the sea, river, and ocean, etc. evaporates and condenses to form clouds. When the rain occurs water from these clouds comes on earth and flows down into water resources. The hydrological cycle is also known as the water cycle; it is the normal water recycling system on Earth. It is the total of all processes in which water moves from the land and ocean surface to the atmosphere and back in form of precipitation. Water is a cyclic resource, as it is present in different states and abundant supplies on the globe. Though water is an abiotic component of the environment, it is not described as one since water carries many biotic components in it which is often crucial for the sustenance of life on earth. Additional Information
Water Water is, indeed a renewable resource. Water is not an abiotic component of the environment rather a physical resource. Water or Fresh Water is a renewable Natural Resource. However, it should be noted that freshwater is a non-renewable energy resource. Water is used as a power generation tool by using turbines and steam boilers. Water also acts as one of the five elements which enable the human to live on this planet. Water is a cyclic resource as it is used and re-used. About 71% of the planetary water is found in the oceans. The remaining is held as freshwater in glaciers and ice caps, groundwater sources, lakes, soil moisture, atmosphere, streams, and within life. About 59% of the water on the land surface evaporates and returns to the atmosphere. The remaining run-off on the surface penetrates the ground or a part of it becomes glaciers.
Question 30 5 / -1
______ is the mark of quality for all industrial products in India.
Solution
The correct answer is ISI.
Key Points
Indian Standard Institution(ISI): is a standard mark of quality for all industrial products in India since 1955.ISI was renamed as BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). BIS is the national standards body of India working under the aegis of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution .BIS is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 which came into effect on 23 December 1986. BIS hallmark is a hallmarking system for gold as well as silver jewellery sold in India certifying the purity of the metal.
Additional Information
Agmark is the mark of quality for all agricultural products in India.FPO (Fruit Products Order) Mark is a certification mark mandatory on all processed fruit products sold in India is issued by the Ministry of Food processing Industry.Ecomark: is a certification mark issued by the BIS to products conforming to a set of standards aimed environment friendly products.
Question 31 5 / -1
IFFCO stands for:
Solution
The correct answer is Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-operative Limited .
Key Points
Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, also known as IFFCO. IFFCO is one of India's biggest cooperative society which is wholly owned by Indian Cooperatives. It is a Multi-state cooperative society engaged in the business of manufacturing and marketing of fertilizers headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was set up on 3 November 1967 with 57 member cooperatives. It is today the biggest co-op in the world by turnover on GDP per capita with around 35,000 member cooperatives reaching over 50 million Indian farmers. Objective: To enable Indian farmers to prosper through timely supply of reliable, high-quality agricultural inputs and services in an environmentally sustainable manner and to undertake other activities to improve their welfare. Additional Information
The cooperative was ranked 66th on the Fortune India 500 list of India's biggest corporations as of 2017 with a net worth of $2.3 billion as of March 2018. Recently, the Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) introduced the world's first Nano Urea Liquid for farmers across the world.It is a nutrient (liquid) to provide nitrogen to plants as an alternative to conventional urea. It is developed to replace conventional urea and it can curtail the requirement of the same by at least 50%. It contains 40,000 mg/L of nitrogen in a 500 ml bottle which is equivalent to the impact of nitrogen nutrients provided by one bag of conventional urea. Conventional urea is effective 30-40% in delivering nitrogen to plants, while the effectiveness of the Nano Urea Liquid is over 80%.Its effectiveness has been tested in over 11,000 farmers’ fields for 94 crops like rice and wheat. An average 8% increase in yield has been witnessed.
Question 32 5 / -1
The main objectives of Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 are__________
Solution
Main objectives of the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 are:
Consolidate the laws relating to food. Establish the FSSAI of India for laying down science-based standards for articles of food. Regulate manufacture, storage, distribution and sale, and import of articles of food to ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Pool infrastructure, manpower, testing facilities for better standard fixation and enforcement through their proper re-deployment. Additional Information
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under Food Safety and Standards, 2006 which consolidates various acts & orders that have hitherto handled food-related issues in various Ministries and Departments. FSSAI has been created for laying down science-based standards for articles of food and to regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import to ensure the availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption.
Question 33 5 / -1
Which of the following is/are the main objective of Land Reforms in India?
Solution
The correct answer is All of the above .
Key Points
Land Reforms in India Land reform refers to efforts to reform the ownership and regulation of land in India . Those lands redistributed by the government from landholders to landless people for agriculture or special purpose are known as Land Reform. Land-reform policy in India had two specific objectives :To remove such impediments to increase agricultural production arises from the agrarian structure inherited from the past. The second objective, which is closely related to the first, is to eliminate all elements of exploitation and social injustice within the agrarian system, provide security for the soil tiller, and assure equality of status and opportunity to all sections of the soil the rural population. Categories of Reforms There are six main categories of reforms:Abolition of Intermediaries. Tenancy regulation. A ceiling on landholdings. Attempts to consolidate disparate landholdings. encouragement of cooperative joint farming. Settlement and regulation of tenancy. Important Points
First Amendment Act, 1951 of Indian Constitution also related to land reforms and deals with the issues involved in the cases included in freedom of speech, acquisition of the Zamindari land, State Monopoly of trade, etc.It added the Ninth Schedule to protect the land reforms and other laws included in it from the Judicial review. Articles 31, 31A, and 31B were added to the Indian Constitution.
Question 34 5 / -1
Identify the techniques which help in achieving the sustainability in agriculture.
Solution
The correct answer is All the above
Sustainable agriculture is a method of agriculture that main focuses on producing long-term crops without harming the environment. These farming techniques protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare. Some various techniques which are used in sustainable agriculture are given - Crop rotation, Mixed farming, Drip Irrigation, Agroforestry, etc. This type of agriculture does not require chemicals fertilizers, conserves energy and water, and emphasizes local production. Sustainable agriculture produces safe food with high nutritional quality.
Question 35 5 / -1
Which of the following factors is/are concerned in the calculation of Green National Income (GNI)?
A. National Income
B. Depletion of Natural Resources
C. Environmental Degradation
Solution
The Correct answer is All of the above .
Key Points
The Green Gross Domestic Product, or Green GDP for short, is an indicator of economic growth with environmental factors taken into consideration along with the standard GDP of a country . Green GDP is calculated by subtracting net natural capital consumption from the standard GDP . This includes-Resource depletion. Environmental degradation and protective environmental initiatives. These calculations can alternatively be applied to the net domestic product (NDP), which subtracts the depreciation of capital from GDP . In every case, it is required to convert any resource extraction activity into a monetary value since they are expressed in this manner through national accounts
Question 36 5 / -1
When one or more nutrients are added to the food, it is known as:
Solution
Key Points
Fortification: Fortification is the addition of key vitamins and minerals such as Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Vitamins A & D to staple foods such as rice, wheat, oil, milk, and salt to improve their nutritional content . These nutrients may or may not have been originally present in the food before processing or may have been lost during processing. Additional Information
Why do we Need the Fortification of Food? Deficiency of micronutrients or micronutrient malnutrition , also known as hidden hunger , is a serious health risk .Access to safe and nutritious food is a must and sometimes due to lack of consumption of a balanced diet, lack of variety in the diet or unavailability of food one does not get adequate micronutrients. Often, there is a considerable loss of nutrients during the processing of food as well. One of the strategies to address this problem is the fortification of food. This method complements other ways to improve nutrition such as diversification of diet and supplementation of food. The Food Fortification Resource Centre is a Resource and Support Centre to promote large-scale fortification of food across India.
Question 37 5 / -1
Which of the following is not an outstanding liability of Central Government?
Solution
The correct answer is Foreign Aid.
Key Points
Public debt is the total amount borrowed by the government of a country. In the Indian context, public debt includes the total liabilities of the Union government that have to be paid from the Consolidated Fund of India. It excludes liabilities contracted against Public accounts. Sources of Public Debt :Dated government securities or G-secs Treasury Bills or T-bills External Assistance Short term borrowings Foreign aid is any type of assistance that one country voluntarily transfers to another , which can take the form of a gift, grant, or loan.Countries may provide aid through capital, food, supplies, and services such as humanitarian aid and military assistance.
Question 38 5 / -1
Which of the following organisation calculates Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India?
Solution
The correct answer is the National Statistical Office .
Important Points
The National Sample Survey Office became the National Statistical Office (NSO).The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) is now merged with the Central Statistical Office to form the National Statistical Office (NSO). This merger was approved by the Government on 23rd May 2019. Key Points
Recently cabinet approved the merger of CSO and NSSO into the National Statistics Office. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation approved the merging of the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) into a single statistics wing, which will be known as the National Statistical Office (NSO) . The NSO would be headed by the Secretary, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. A committee will be constituted to recommend the operational steps required for the merger. Note that a proposal to create the NSO by merging the NSSO and CSO had been made earlier in July 2005. Currently, the CSO, an attached office of the Ministry, coordinates statistical activities in the country and evolves statistical standards.The NSSO, a subordinate office (field agency) under the Ministry, conducts large scale sample surveys across diverse fields on an all India basis and publishes the results. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation comprises of The Statistics wing (National Statistical Organisation), and The Programme Implementation wing. The National Statistical Organisation consists of Central Statistics Office (CSO), and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
Question 39 5 / -1
Which of the following correctly defines economic development?
Solution
The process through which developing economies become advanced economies is known as economic development. To put it another way, the process by which low-income countries progress to high-income countries.
Important Points
Economic Development is measured by the total production in the economy and the government's expenditure of public money on people's welfare programmes leading to a total upliftment of standard of living.The total production or output not only includes industrial outputs but infrastructural development. Welfare involves the distribution of resources, insurance, provident fund, social welfare programme and so on.Additional Information
Size of Output: does not give the human indices of development that can be calculated through Economic welfare . Hence, Size of Output alone cannot define Economic Development.Population Size: it does not give the productivity or welfare of people. It just provides the total number of people who are responsible for the production and are enjoying the welfare. Population size + Income Size: Together it does not define production and welfare. It only gives the gross national income or per capita income which is not equivalent to measuring Economic development. Therefore, the Size of Output and Economic Welfare defines Economic Development.
Question 40 5 / -1
_______ records the quantity of goods and services that are imported by the country as well as exported from other countries.
Solution
The correct answer is Balance of trade .
Key Points
Balance of trade: The difference between a nation's imports of goods and services and its exports of them is named as Balance of Trade . It is the most important element of the Balance of payments. There are mainly three assumptions or possibilities that exist in the balance of trade are as follows:Balanced balance of trade i.e. exports = imports .Favourable balance of trade i.e. exports > imports .Adverse balance of trade i.e. exports < imports. Points that can influence the balance of trade include:The value of production (land, labor, capital, taxes, etc.) in the exporting economy. The cost and availability of raw materials and intermediate goods. Currency exchange cost movements.Non-tariff barriers such as environmental and health standards.Prices of goods i.e. manufactured at home.
Question 41 5 / -1
Which of the following is an economic system in which capital goods are owned by private individuals or businesses and the production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general market ?
Solution
The Correct Answer is Capitalistic Economy .
Key Points
Capitalism is an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own capital goods.The production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general market. The purest form of capitalism is free market or laissez-faire capitalism . Here, private individuals are unrestrained. They may determine where to invest, what to produce or sell, and at which prices to exchange goods and services. Additional Information
Mixed Economy A mixed economic system is a system that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism. A mixed economic system protects private property and allows a level of economic freedom in the use of capital, but also allows for governments to interfere in economic activities in order to achieve social aims. Communist Economy Communist Economy advocates for a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally and private property is nonexistent or severely curtailed.
Question 42 5 / -1
The Chapman's cycle is related with
Solution
The correct answer is Continuous production and destruction of the ozone layer.
Concept :
Ozone layer:
It is a layer of ozone molecules found in the stratosphere (the second layer of the atmosphere). Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms , often referenced as O3 . Explanation:
Chapman's Cycle:
The Chapman cycle is the continuous oxygen-ozone cycle. It is in a constant cycle with oxygen molecules and their interaction with ultraviolet rays. It is known as a cycle because it is the constant switch between 2 different molecules of oxygen. The ozone layer is created when ultraviolet rays react with oxygen molecules (O2 ) to create ozone (O3 ) and atomic oxygen (O). Creation: O2 + UV-C photon → 2 O· O2 + O· → O3
Formation of Ozone:
Destruction O3 + UV-B or C photon → O· + O2 O3 + O· → 2 O2 NET RXN: 2 O3 → 3 O2
Notice that the two processes above are driven by UV radiation. The extent (rates) of each set of reactions is governed by the concentrations of the reactants. There is a LOT of O2 gas compared to ozone. So the oxygen creates a fairly good flux of ozone.
Question 43 5 / -1
In the context of Indian Agriculture during the British Era, which of the following is not correct?
Solution
Agriculture during the British Era:
Indian agriculture during British rule went towards stagnation. Causes: The exploratory zamindari system led to the impoverishment of peasants. (option A is correct)Low land productivity because of land fragmentation. Commercialization of agriculture led to a transformation of agriculture on capitalists’ lines. This causes food shortages and famines. (options B and D are correct)Not many investments were made in Agriculture modernization. (option C is incorrect)
Question 44 5 / -1
Which of the following is correct regarding Opportunity Cost?
Solution
The correct answer is Option 1 .
Key Points
Opportunity Cost Opportunity costs represent the potential benefits that an individual, investor, or business misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. Because opportunity costs are unseen by definition, they can be easily overlooked. Understanding the potential missed opportunities when a business or individual chooses one investment over another allows for better decision-making. Opportunity cost is the forgone benefit that would have been derived from an option not chosen. Hence, Statement 4 is not correct. To properly evaluate opportunity costs, the costs and benefits of every option available must be considered and weighed against the others. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. Considering the value of opportunity costs can guide individuals and organizations to more profitable decision-making. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct. The formula for calculating an opportunity cost is simply the difference between the expected returns of each option. Opportunity cost analysis plays a crucial role in determining a business’s capital structure . Hence, Statement 2 is not correct. A firm incurs an expense in issuing both debt and equity capital to compensate lenders and shareholders for the risk of investment, yet each also carries an opportunity cost.
Question 45 5 / -1
The large well like structure which is used in olden times for rainwater harvesting is called
Solution
Concept:
The ecosystem's most valuable, necessary, and abiotic component is water. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the process of collecting and storing rainwater instead of letting it runoff. It is a low cost and eco-friendly technique for preserving every drop of water by guiding the rainwater to borewells, pits and wells. Capturing the rainwater help in: Recharge of local aquifersReduction of urban floodingAvailability of water in water-scarce areas. Some of the structures used for RWH: bawaris, well, johads etc.Explanation:
Bawris:
Bawris are an ancient method of managing rainwater. These are deep wells dug in the ground with steps leading to the stored water. Since the amount of evaporation from the deep well is very low, these bawris aids in the storage of water for a longer period of time. In Rajasthan, bawris are very popular. Bawri's are deep step wells built into the ground. When it rains, the water accumulates in the tank. They are built deep into the ground so that the water does not evaporate easily and can be used during water shortages. It has several steps in it. The steps go down several storeys deep. Instead of drawing the water up from the well, the people could go down the steps and reach the water. That is why they are called stepwells. Thus, the large well-like structure which is used in olden times for rainwater harvesting is called Bawris.
Additional Information Well:
A well is a small hole dug in the earth's surface from which subsurface water is extracted for irrigation and drinking. It is a low-cost , dependable, and widely used source of irrigation in the country. Well, irrigation is used in areas where there is plenty of groundwater and the depth of the water table does not exceed 15 metres. The Ganga Plain , which stretches from Punjab to Bihar, has the highest concentration of wells. Johad:
A johad is a community-owned traditional harvested rainwater storage wetland. It collects and stores water throughout the year For the purpose of recharging groundwater in nearby water wells, washing, bathing, and drinking by humans and cattle. In the states of Harayana, Rajasthan, Punjab , and western Uttar Pradesh. Checkdams:
A check dam is a small dam constructed across a drainage ditch, swale, or channel to lower the velocity of flow. Reduced runoff velocity reduces erosion and gullying in the channel and allows sediments to settle out. A check dam may be built from stone, sandbags filled with pea gravel, or logs.
Question 46 5 / -1
Leather for the leather industry and wool for woollen textiles are obtained from animals, ivory used for trade is obtained from which animal tusks?
Solution
The correct answer is Elephant’s tusks .
Key Points
Animal-based Industries
Leather for the leather industry and wool for woollen textiles are obtained from animals. Besides, ivory is also obtained from elephants’ tusks. Hence the correct answer is option 3 .
Question 47 5 / -1
National Environmental Policy Act is enforced from the year
Solution
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 :
NEPA is a United States environmental law. NEPA was one of the first laws ever written that establishes the broad national framework for protecting our environment. It promotes the establishment of the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1, 1970. NEPA's basic policy is to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment. It was the first to lay down the concept of Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) for all federal projects. To date, more than 100 nations around the world have enacted national environmental policies modelled after NEPA. Thus, National Environmental Policy Act is enforced from year 1970.
The stated purposes of NEPA are:
To declare a national policy that will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment. To promote efforts that will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man. To enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation and To establish a Council on Environmental Quality.
Question 48 5 / -1
Which is the formal name of the integration of markets in different countries?
Solution
Globalization is the formal name of the integration of markets in different countries.
Key Points Globalization:
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations , brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries. But the term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as these cooperative arrangements shaped modern everyday life. The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically charged. As with major technological advances, globalization benefits society as a whole, while harming certain groups. Understanding the relative costs and benefits can pave the way for alleviating problems while sustaining the wider payoffs. Hence, the correct answer is globalization.
Question 49 5 / -1
Dioxins and furans, the emerging air pollutant are classified as highly contaminating toxic chemicals having a serious effect on human health. Which of the following are the sources from which they are released?
1. Cigarette smoking
2. Dyes and pigments
3. Municipal Solid waste burning
4. Coal combustion for commercial purposes
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
Solution
The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4 .
Key Points
Sources: Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator, Open burning of domestic waste, Bio-Medical waste incinerators and hazardous waste incinerators, Industrial boilers and furnaces, Petroleum refining, Biogas combustion and landfill gas combustion, Candles, Crematoriums, Cigarette smoking, PVC manufacturing, Dyes and pigments, Motor vehicle fuel combustion (Diesel and gasoline), Coal combustion for industrial, residential and commercial purposes. Hence the option 4 is correct.
Dioxin and furan are chlorinated aromatic compounds having tremendous toxic effects, carcinogenicity, and persistence in the environment; hence these Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are real threats to the environment and existence of mankind.These compounds do not occur naturally, nor they are produced intentionally .In fact, these are the byproducts of industrial and pollution control related operations, barring few catastrophic or accidental origins like volcanoes, forest fires, and accidental fires, etc.
Question 50 5 / -1
The main watchdog of International Trade is
Solution
The main watchdog of International Trade is the World Trade Organization (WTO).
It is an international body which promotes free trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and other barriers. The WTO is the only international agency overseeing the rules of international trade. The WTO is run by its member governments. It was established on 1 January 1995 in Geneva, Switzerland.