Diseases Test - 3

Symptoms:

•  High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):
  • Kidneys play a crucial role in  regulating blood pressure  by controlling fluid balance and producing hormones.
  • Persistent   high blood pressure can be an early sign of kidney dysfunction.
  • Uncontrolled hypertension can further damage the kidneys.
• Swelling (Edema):
  • Swelling in various parts of the body, such as the face, legs, ankles, and feet, is common in kidney disease.
  • This swelling occurs due to fluid retention (resulting from impaired kidney function) and decreased urine output.
• Changes in Urination:
  • Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia), may occur.
  • Foamy or bubbly urine due to protein leakage (proteinuria) is another sign.
  • Blood in the urine (hematuria) can indicate kidney damage.
• Shortness of Breath:
  • Fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema)  due to kidney dysfunction can cause  respiratory problems  and shortness of breath.

• The  B.C.G. vaccine   is a vaccine primarily used against  tuberculosis  (TB).
• It is named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Gu érin.
• In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible.
• In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated
• BCG also has some effectiveness against  Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.
• Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer.
• The BCG vaccine was first used  medically in 1921.
• It is on the  World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines.
• As of  2004,  the vaccine is given to about  100 million children per year globally.

• Diabetes or Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus  is caused due to insufficient secretion of insulin. The individual with diabetes has high levels of blood sugar.
• Diabetes mellitus refers to  a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose) . 
• Glucose is vital to your health because it 's an important source of energy  for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues.
• It 's also your brain 's main source of fuel.

• Goitre   is caused, due to  the  deficiency of iodine.
• It can also happen due to the  production of  too much hormone by the  thyroid gland.
• The enlargement of the throat below the voice box is Goitre.
• Radioactive Iodine treatment  is used for the curing of this disease.

• Dengue is  caused by the  Dengue virus  and  mosquito-borne viral disease.
• The dengue virus is transmitted by  female mosquitoes called  –Aedes aegypti.
• These dengue mosquitos  are found everywhere (Both inside and outside the house) and  generally bite during the daytime.
• These mosquitos are found to be at the peak of their activeness at dawn and dusk.
• The symptoms of the disease  can develop only after 6 to 10 days after bitten by an infected mosquito.

• Chikungunya is a  mosquito-borne  disease caused by the  chikungunya virus.
• Viruses are small intracellular parasites, which  contain either an RNA or DNA genome   surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat.
• A complete virus particle is called a  virion .
• Viruses are inert outside the host  cell and  can be  crystallized .
• The main purpose of a virus is to deliver its genome into the host cell to allow its transcription and translation by the host cell.
• A bacteriophage is a virus that destroys bacteria.

• A vaccine stimulates a  person 's immune system to produce immunity  to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. 
• Vaccines are introduced  to build  passively acquired immunity  against various diseases.
• Vaccines  are usually administered through  needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.​

Tuberculosis:

• Tuberculosis  is a bacterial disease caused by the bacteria  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
• Symptoms of tuberculosis  include  blood-stained cough, fever, loss of appetite, sweating, fatigue or weakness, severe loss of weight, chest pain, shortness of  breath, etc.
• Usually, this bacterium  infects the upper respiratory tract.
• The infection can spread to any organ like the  kidney, spine  &even in severe cases  the brain also.
• Tuberculosis is a  communicable disease.
• To protect people from getting infected by tuberculosis, BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine was developed.
• BCG vaccine is administered  to infants and  children. 
• The vaccine was developed by  French bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1921.

​Thus, the  BCG vaccine for tuberculosis immunisation was developed by  Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin.

• BCG stands for  Bacille Calmette-Guerin.
• It is a vaccine for  tuberculosis  (TB) disease.
• Tuberculosis (TB) disease is caused by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Tuberculosis (TB) usually attacks  the  lungs.
• BCG vaccine was first considered by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in its thirteenth report.
• BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines.
• BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children.

• BCG stands for  Bacille Calmette-Guerin.
• It is a vaccine for  tuberculosis  (TB) disease.
• Tuberculosis (TB) disease is caused by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Tuberculosis (TB) usually attacks  the  lungs.
• BCG vaccine was first considered by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in its thirteenth report.
• BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines.
• BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children.