Chemistry Test - 2

An ion exchange resin containing R−COOH group exchange cations like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na, Fe²⁺ with H⁺ when hard water is passed through it. This resin is called cation exchange resin.

Starch is converted to ethanol by fermentation. The sequence of enzymes used is Diastase, maltase, zymase.

The strength of acidity of an acid can be explained in terms of its ease with which it can release its proton and it is directly proportional to the no of ''-I '' groups attached to it.

When a chlorine atom, which is an electron-withdrawing group is present in the chain attached to a carboxyl group, It exerts -I effect and withdraws electrons from the carbon of the carboxyl group as well as from the oxygen of the O-H bond.

This decreases electron density at the oxygen atom of the O-H bond.

Consequently, the O-H bond gets weakened and the release of H⁺ ion is favoured.

Moreover, the negative charge present on the carboxylate ion gets dispersed and its stability is increased.

Thus, the acid strength of the acid increases.

So, now the H⁺ atom can easily come out and the stability of the carboxylate ion has also increased.

Hence both conditions make chloroacetic acid more acidic than acetic acid. 

The inductive effect is responsible for the acidity of chloroacetic acid. 

So, acidic strength will be in the order:

Trichloro acetic acid > Dichloro acetic acid > Monochloro acetic acid > Acetic acid.

Saccharin  is not an antioxidant. Antioxidants prevent food spoilage by itself reacting with oxygen and protecting the food from oxidation. Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) increase the shelf lives of food like butter. Sulphur dioxide is also used in wines, fruits and sugar syrups for preservation. Saccharin may induce oxidative stress on the liver cells through lowering catalase activity and the total antioxidant concentration (TAC) in plasma.

CH₂ = CH₂ is the chemical formula of Ethylene. It is a colourless flammable gas with, when pure, a distinct "warm and musky" odour.

• It used in the chemical industry, and its production worldwide exceeds that of any organic compound.
• It is also an essential natural plant hormone and is used to force fruit ripening in agriculture.
• It can be used to create a chemical weapon called sulfur mustard gas.

Lead-acid battery:

The battery which uses a spongy lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead-acid battery. The lead-acid battery is most commonly used in power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost. It is a reversible battery.

The active elements of the lead-acid are: