Chemistry Test-15

Statement I: The gas which has zero intermolecular forces and zero molecular volume is considered a perfect ideal gas. In the case of hydrogen, the conditions for an ideal gas are not satisfied. Therefore, \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\) gas is not a perfectly ideal gas.

Statement II: The hydrogen bond is formed between a less electronegative hydrogen atom and more electronegative \(\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{N}\), and \(\mathrm{F}\) atoms. Thus, hydrogen atoms do not interact with each other via hydrogen bonds.

So, both the given statements are false.

The ozone hole is thinning of the ozone layer of the stratosphere at some places.

There are some unique situations according to the season which is responsible for the ozone hole.

In Summer: \(NO _{2}\) and \(C H_{4}\) react with Chlorine monoxide and chlorine atoms forming chlorine sinks. It prevents much of the ozone depletion.

In Winter: Polar stratospheric clouds are formed over Antarctic. The following reaction occurs there:

\(NO + O _{3} \rightarrow NO _{2}+ O _{2} \)

\( CF _{2} Cl _{2} \stackrel{h \nu}{\rightarrow} \dot{C} F_{2} Cl +\dot{C} l \)

\(\dot{ Cl }+ O _{3} \rightarrow Cl\dot{O} + O _{2} \)

\( Cl\dot{O} + O \rightarrow \dot{ C } l+ O _{2}\)

These reactions occur in the stratosphere.

Formula to find the types of hybrid orbitals involved in hybridization is:

\(H=\frac{1}{2}[V+M-C+A]\)

Where \(H=\) the number of orbitals involved in hybridization

\(V=\) the number of valence electrons of a central atom

\(M=\) the number of monovalent atoms attached to a central atom

\(C=\) charge on the cation

\(A=\) charge on the anion

\(\mathrm{NO}_{2}{ }^{+}\).

\(V=5, M=0, C=1, A=0 \)

\(\therefore H=\frac{1}{2}[V+M-C+A] \)

\(\Rightarrow H=\frac{1}{2}[5+0-1+0] \)

\(\Rightarrow H=2\)

So, the number of hybrid orbitals is equal to two means the hybridization is sp.

\(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\):

\(V=5, M=0, C=0, A=1 \)

\(\therefore H=\frac{1}{2}[V+M-C+A] \)

\(\Rightarrow H=\frac{1}{2}[5+0-0+1]\)

\(\Rightarrow H=3\)

So, the number of hybrid orbitals is equal to three means the hybridization is \(\mathrm{sp}^{2}\).

\(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\):

\(V=5, M=4, C=1, A=0 \)

\(\therefore H=\frac{1}{2}[V+M-C+A] \)

\(\Rightarrow H=\frac{1}{2}[5+4-1+0]\)

\(\Rightarrow H=4\)

So, the number of hybrid orbitals is equal to four means the hybridization is \(\mathrm{sp}^{3}\).

Therefore, the types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}{ }^{+}, \mathrm{NO}_{3}{ }^{-}\)and \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}{ }^{+}\)respectively are \(\mathrm{sp}, \mathrm{sp}^{2}\) and \(\mathrm{sp}^{3}\). 

For hydrogen atom:

Atomic number (Z) = 1

Given that,

The energy of an electron in the first orbit, E₀ = -16.6

Principle quantum number of 3^rd orbit, n = 3

Energy in n^th orbit\((E_{n})=E_{0} \frac{Z^{2}}{n^{2}}\)

Total energy of an electron in 3^rd orbit\(\left(E_{3}\right)=-13.6 \frac{Z^{2}}{n^{2}}=-13.6 \frac{1^{2}}{3^{2}}=-1.51 e V\)

When the gases sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide mix in the presence of water, then hydrogen sulphide acts as areducing agent.

A chemical which donates electrons to other then it is called a reducing agent because the chemical undergoes oxidation and reduces other chemicals.The given reaction is:

\(\mathrm{SO}_{2}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+3 \mathrm{~S}\)

In the above reaction one mole of sulphur dioxide reacts with two moles of hydrogen sulphide and forms two moles of water and three moles of sulphur as the products.Thesulphur dioxide got reduced by accepting electrons from hydrogen sulphide.Means sulphur dioxide is a oxidizing agent and hydrogen sulphide is a reducing agent.

The element with the Electron Configuration \( (2,8,3)\) is Aluminum as it has the atomic number \(13\).

It is placed in group \(13\) of the periodic table along with Boron, Gallium, Indium and Thallium.The group \(13\) in the periodic table is known as the Boron group and all the elements in this group has three electrons in the valence layers.

Oxides of sulphur and nitrogenare responsible for causing acid rain.

Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with water molecules in the atmosphere to produce corresponding acids.

Oxides of sulphur + water \(\rightarrow\) Sulphuric acid

Oxides of Nitrogen \(+\) water \(\rightarrow\) Nitric acid

Alitame is an artificial sweetener.

It is about 2000 times sweeter than cane sugar. It is stable at high temperature.

Structure of Alitame is:

Oxidation State can be defined as the number of electrons lost, gained or shared in a compound by an element. The compound dilead tetroxide does not exist. So it is an incorrect option. In \(M n_{3} O_{4}\), one of the atoms of Manganese has an 'Oxidation state' of 2 and two of the atoms of Manganese has an 'oxidation state' of three. In \({Fe}_{3} {O}_{4}\) the oxidation state of two atoms of iron is 3 and oxidation state of one atom of iron is 2 . Here, the correct option is \({Fe}_{2} {O}_{3}\) since the oxidation state is 3 for all atoms.

Rice is grown in flooded fields, a situation that depletes the soil of oxygen. Soils that are anaerobic (lacking oxygen) allow the bacteria that produce methane from decomposing organic matter to thrive. Some of this methane then bubbles to the surface, but most of it is diffused back into the atmosphere through the rice plants themselves. So, the rice (Paddy field) produces maximum methane gas into the atmosphere.