Chemistry Test-6

Glycolysis is the first stage in the oxidation of glucose. It is an anaerobic process and involves the degradation of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the generation of two molecules of ATP.

The word smog is derived from smoke and fog. This is the most common example of air pollution that occurs in many cities throughout the world. There are two types of smog:

(a) Classical smog occurs in cool humid climate. It is a mixture of smoke, fog and sulphur dioxide. Chemically it is a reducing mixture and so it is also called as reducing smog.

Let 1 and 2 denote solvent and solute respectively,

\(\mathrm{x}_2=\frac{\mathrm{n}_2}{\mathrm{n}_1+\mathrm{n}_2}=\frac{\mathrm{n}_2}{\frac{\mathrm{m}_1}{\mathrm{M}_1}+\mathrm{n}_2}\)

\(=\frac{\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1}{\mathrm{~m}_1+\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1}=\frac{\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1}{\left(\mathrm{~m}_1+\mathrm{m}_2\right)+\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1-\mathrm{m}_2}\)

\(=\frac{\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1}{\mathrm{~V}_{\mathrm{e}}+\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1-\mathrm{m}_2}=\frac{\mathrm{n}_2 \mathrm{M}_1}{\mathrm{~V}_{\mathrm{p}}+\mathrm{n}_2\left(\mathrm{M}_1-\mathrm{M}_2\right)}\)

\(=\frac{\left(\frac{\mathrm{n}_2}{\mathrm{v}}\right) \mathrm{M}_1}{\mathrm{p}+\left(\frac{\mathrm{n}_2}{\mathrm{v}}\right)\left(\mathrm{M}_1-\mathrm{M}_2\right)}=\frac{\mathrm{MM}_1}{\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{M}\left(\mathrm{M}_1-\mathrm{M}_2\right)}\)

Considering \(20 \%\) of the mixture as \(20 \%\) by vol. oir \(20 \%\) by mole

\( \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad N _{2}+3 H _{2} \rightleftharpoons 2 NH _{3}\)

Presence \( \quad \quad \quad \quad P \quad 3P\)

at \(t =0\)

Moles at \(\quad \quad \quad \quad x \quad 3 x\)

\(t =0\)

\(\Rightarrow P_{T}=P_{N_{2}}+P_{H_{2}}\)

\(100=4 P\)

\(P =25 atm\)

\(\frac{ n _{ N _{2}}}{ n _{ H _{2}}}=\frac{0.25}{0.75}=\frac{1}{3}\)

\(n _{ N _{2}}= x \quad n _{ H _{2}}=3 x\)

\(N _{2}+3 H _{2} \rightleftharpoons 2 NH _{3}\)

\(x-\alpha x 3 x-3 \alpha x \quad 2 \alpha x\)

\(\Rightarrow \alpha=0.2\) (Given)

\(\Rightarrow n _{ T }= x -\alpha x +3 x -3 \alpha x +2 \alpha x\)

\(=4 x-2 \alpha x\)

\(=4 x-0.4 x \Rightarrow 3.6 x\)

\(\Rightarrow \frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}=\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}} \Rightarrow \frac{100}{P_{2}}=\frac{4 x}{3.6 x}\)

\(P _{2}=90 atm\).

Composting is an aerobic method of decomposing organic solid wastes. It can therefore be used to recycle organic material.

The process involves the decomposition of organic material into a humus-like material, known as compost, which is a good fertilizer for plants. It requires the presence of air.

Organic matter includes plant materials and some animal manures. Organic materials used for compost should include a mixture of brown organic material (dead leaves, twigs, manure) and green organic material (lawn clippings, fruit rinds, etc.). Brown materials supply carbon, while green materials supply nitrogen.

The unbalanced redox reaction is,

\(\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \rightarrow \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

Balance C atoms,

\(\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \rightarrow \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

The oxidation number of \(\mathrm{Mn}\) decreases from \(+7\) to \(+2\).

The decrease in the oxidation number is \(7-2=5\)

The oxidation number of \(C\) increases from \(+3\) to \(+4\).

The increase in the oxidation number for \(1 \mathrm{C}\) atom is \(4-3=1\)

The increase in the oxidation number for \(2 C\) atom is \(2 \times 1=2\)

To balance the increase in the oxidation number with decrease in the oxidation number, multiply Mn containing species with 2 and C containing species with 5.

\(2 \mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+5 \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+10 \mathrm{CO}_{2}\)

Balance \(\mathrm{H}\) atoms by adding \(16 \mathrm{H}^{+}\)ions to the reactants side.

\(2 \mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+5 \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}^{2-}+16 \mathrm{H}^{+} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+10 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+8 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

This is the balanced equation.

The first law of thermodynamics is not adequate in predicting the direction of a process. It is the law of conservation of energy. However, it does not predict whether the process will occur spontaneously and if so, in which direction. For example, the first law of thermodynamics does not indicate whether heat can flow from a colder end to a hotter end or not.

The third United Nations Conference on Afghanistan occurred in Doha, Qatar, from June 30 to July 1, 2024. This conference marked a significant moment in international diplomacy as it included participation from the Taliban for the first time since they took control of Afghanistan. The event brought together representatives from various countries and international organizations to discuss Afghanistan's future and stability.

Acetamide on treatment with \(\mathrm{NaOH + Br _{2}}\) gives Methylamine.

Among the given reagents only \(\mathrm{NaOH + Br _{2}}\) converts \(\mathrm{-CONH _{2}}\) group to \(\mathrm{-NH _{2}}\) group, thus it is used for converting acetamide to methylamine. This reaction is called the Hoffman bromamide reaction. The reagent which can convert \(\mathrm{-CONH _{2}}\) group into \(\mathrm{-NH _{2}}\) group is used for this reaction.

\(\mathrm{CH _{3} CONH _{2}+ Br _{2}+4 NaOH \rightarrow CH _{3} NH _{2}+ Na _{2} CO _{3}+2 NaBr +2 H _{2} O}\)

Propane is formed by the hydrogenation ofPropyne.

In the presence of finely split catalysts such as platinum, palladium, or nickel, dihydrogen gas reacts with alkenes and alkynes to create alkanes.

This is referred to as hydrogenation.

The hydrogenation of propyne is shown below: