Microbes in Human Welfare Test - 1

Antibiotics are chemical substances secreted by certain microbes which inhibit the growth and development of other microbes. Most of them produced by actinomycetes and filamentous fungi. Some inportant antibiotics are tetracycline, chloramphenicol, steptomycin etc.

In 1940, E. Chain and H. Florey obtained a relatively stable preparation of penicillin, which was extensively used to treat wounded American soldiers in World War II. 

Streptomycin is obtained from Streptomyces griseus. It is found useful in meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis and local infections.

Probiotics are live microorganisms (bacteria in cases), that are similar to beneficial microorganisms, in the human gut. They are also called 'friendly bacteria' or good bacteria. Probiotics microorganisms consist mostly of strain of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. Probiotics are taken as food supplement and energy drinks(e.g. Yakult)

Streptokinase (Tissue Plasminogen Activator or TPA) is an enzyme obtained from the cultures of some haemolytic bacterium Streptococcus and modified genetically to function as clot buster. It has fibrinolytic effect. Therefore, it helps in clearing blood clots inside the blood vessels in patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to heart attack, through dissolution of intravascular fibrin.

Lipases are used in detergent formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry.
Roquefort cheese are ripened by growing Penicillium roqueforti on them.
Wine and beer are produced without distillation whereas, whiskey, brandy and rum are produced by distillation of the fermented broth.
Penicillin antibiotic was used to teat American soldiers wounded in World War II.
Leprosy is also called as Kusht rog.

Anaerobi respiration in yeast results in the production of ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy.

The yeast Saccharmyces cerevisiae, also known as brewer's yeast, is used for fermenting malted cereals an fruit juices to produce ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Microbes (yeasts in particular) have been used for the production of beverages, such as wine, beer, whisky, brandy and rum.

Cyclosporin A is a cyclic oligopeptide obtained through fermentative activity of fungus Trichoderma polysporum. It has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and immunospuppressive properties. It inhibits activation of T-cells and therefore, prevents rejection reactions in organ transplantation.

Among the given antibotics, tetracyclines, auromycins obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens is used to cure whooping cough. Some other antibiotics  are also found  useful e.g. chloramphenicol, erythromycin.

A- Lactobacillus B- Trichoderma polysporum C-Yeast D-Penicillin

Statins are products of fermentation by yeast Monascus purpureus which resemble mevalovate and are competitive inhibitors of β−hydroxy−β−methylglutaryl or HMG CoA reductase. This inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Statins are, therefore, used in lowering blood cholesterol, e.g., lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin.

Beverages of low alcoholic content (less than about 9% alcohol) are fermented from grains and are usually considered to be beers. Wines, on the other hand, are fermented to a higher percentage of alcohol (10 - 18% alcohol) and are usually fermented from fruit juice. Higher levels of alcohol kill or inhibit bacteria stopping spoilage as well as fermentation. Vodka, whiskey, and other alcoholic beverages with alcohol contents well above 20% are produced by distilling alcohol from a yeast-fermented beverage. Many liquors are produced by using distilled alcohol (as high as 95% alcohol) to extract various flavoring materials after which the resulting extract is diluted with water and often sugar to make a flavored alcoholic beverages. Unless the alcoholic content of the resulting beverage is well above 15%, the material will not be stable and may start to ferment or even decay in storage. Hence, most liquors are atleast 20% alcohol.

Strepokinase is obtained from Streptococcus.
Aspergillus is a fungus.
Tricoderma produces cyclosporin A
Butyric acid is obtained from Clostridium butylicum.
So, the correct answer is ' A-Streptococcus, B-Fungus, c-Cyclosporin A, D- Clostridium butylicum.'

Trichoderma polysporum is a fungal species that is known to make cyclosporine A compound. This compound exhibits antifungal and anti-inhibitory properties. The key property of this compound is that it is able to inhibit the activation of T-cells. These cells are involved in recognizing foreign and self elements. During the time of grafting usually, our body rejects the graft as T-cells recognize it as foreign. But using cyclosporine A we can inhibit this rejection by T-cells. So, the medical application of Cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressive agent.
Monascus purpureus is a yeast strain belonging to the fungus that is known to make statin. Statin is a competitive inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis. This means that it negatively affects the cholesterol synthesis process. So, its medical application is that it is used to lower blood cholesterol levels.
Thus, from the above discussion, we can conclude that option A is the correct answer.