Reproductive Health Test - 9

Retrovirus is a rna virus which can integrate a dna of its genome into the host by reverse trancription process. Hence it carries the name retrovirus as it has reverse transcriptase enzyme which can make a dna copy of a rna molecule.

The test-tube baby programme employs the technique of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) technique. ZIFT is a method used to treat infertility, in which an egg fertilized in vitro (outside the body) is placed into a woman's fallopian tube (oviduct). It is an assisted reproductive procedure similar to IVF and embryo transfer, the difference being that zygote or proembryo is transferred into the fallopian tube, instead of the uterus. Because the fertilized egg (zygote) is directly transferred into the tubes, the procedure is also referred to as tubal embryo transfer.

The technique of direct introduction of gametes into oviduct is called GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer).

Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Many people have no symptoms.Men may have burning with urination, discharge from the penis, or testicular pain. Women may have burning with urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain Complications in women include pelvic inflammatory disease and in men include inflammation of the epididymis.If untreated, gonorrhea can spread to joints or heart valves.

Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.

In this technique the ovum taken from donor female and sperm from male is taken and fertilised in test tube medium to form zygote and then zygote transferred to fallopian tube.

Gamete Intrafallopian transfer (GIFT):

It is a technique that involves the transfer of gamete (ovum) from a donor into the fallopian tube of the recipient female who is unable to produce eggs, but has the ability to conceive and can provide right conditions for the development of an embryo.

Sexually transmitted infections  are some of the most preventable infections in the world. Nearly half of all STIs occur in people younger than 25 years old when sexual activity is high. Transmission of STI to others is more likely if the person has more than one sex partner or does not use condoms or fails to use it correctly (1, 2, 8). Many people may not show any signs and symptoms of STIs, yet they are able to spread infection to their partners. There are at least 20 different STIs. Some of the most common STIs include chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, syphilis, trichomoniasis, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus , which causes AIDS . Having other STIs, such as genital herpes, can increase the risk of HIV.

Syphilis, gonorrhoea and genital warts as STD caused by Treponemapallidum ,Neisseria gonorrhoeae and human papilloma virus. These pathogens directly infectand damage sex organs causing ichting fluid discharge, slight pain and swelling of genitalia. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a set of symptoms caused by HIVvirus in humans. It is transmitted through sexual contacts from infected to healthy person. The HIV virus does not directly affect sex organs as such but produce other set of symptoms in the body of infected person. 

IVF refers to the fusion of an egg and a sperm outside the woman's body i.e. in the laboratory. The fertilize dovum or egg is then allowed to grow for some time in a special culture medium, before being implanted in the womb of the woman who is to undergo the pregnancy.