Biotechnology and its Applications Test - 2

Correct answer. cDNA or complimentory DNA is a DNA developed from mRNA precursor.

Correct answer. Radioactive DNA/RNA is used to detect desired genes.

Correct answer. It loosens bacterial cell wall and makes holes for transformation.

 The transformed colonies appear blue.

The thermal cycler is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA.

Modern detergents contain enzymes preparation of alkaliphiles. Detergents represent the largest industrial application of enzymes amounting to 25-30% of total sales of enzymes. Microorganisms that can survive under extreme pH values could be good sources of thermoalkaliphilic enzymes, like proteases and lipases, particularly useful for applications as additives in laundry and dishwashing detergents.

Useful genes are incorporated into a variety through genetic engineering method of crop improvement by means of plasmids, co-cultivation and microinjection.
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms.
Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level.
Co-cultivation refers to the simultaneous cultivation of two or more species of microorganism, or types of tissue, in the same medium, thereby incorporating useful genes in the desired crop.

The first human hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology was insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, or yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which then produces insulin for human use.

Fermentation technology is a field which involves the use of microorganisms and enzymes for production of compounds which have application in the energy, material, pharmaceutical, chemical and food industry. Efforts are directed to the advancement of cell factories and enzymes, as well as of design of new processes, concepts and technologies for fermentation process. Through fermentation, enzyme production for industrial purposes can be done. Process of fermentation includes the use of microorganisms, like yeast and bacteria for the production of enzymes.

Electroporation (using electric field) is used to transfer the foreign DNA into the fragile cells. Brief pulses of high voltage electricity (about 350 V) are applied to protoplasts suspension containing naked or recombinant plasmids. The electric pulses induce the formation of large pores in the cell membrane. These pores give a passage through which the foreign DNA can enter into the protoplasts and thus, increase the transformation frequency.