Plant Kingdom Test 6

 Bryophyta, the division of green plants, refers to embryophytes which in literal terms is land plants, especially the non-vascular ones.In each cycle, a haploid gametophyte, each of whose cells contains a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes, alternates with a diploid sporophyte, whose cell contain two sets of paired chromosomes. Gametophytes produce haploid sperm and eggs which fuse to form diploid zygotes that grow into sporophytes.

Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. ... Bryophytes, an informal group that is now treated as three separate land plant Divisions, namely Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts).

It produces gametes, hence is called a gametophyte. The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. The male sex organ is called antheridium.

Wetland bog from which peat has been removed by hand or industrial means. Also called a cutover bog. coal, oil, or natural gas. Fossil fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.

A bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately.The green, "leafy" mosses on the banks of streams are all haploid gametophytes. The diploid generation of the plant arises after a male and female gametophyte mate and fuse their haploid gametes. The resulting diploid zygote grows into the sporophyte—the long stalked structure bearing a sporangium.

Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants in the plant kingdom this is why they like to grow in moist places so that in the absence of roots even they can absorb the moisture from the ground, male gametes are motile and with the help of water they can swim into it and can reach to the female part, they belong to the lower class of the plant kingdom due to which they have less characters and they do not have water proof coating of cutin on their aerial surface to prevent water loss.

An area once devoid of life teems with living things following the process of succession.Primary succession describes a series of events in which successive species colonize a once-barren land, such as one left behind when glaciers retreat.

Cryptothallus and Buxbaumia are saprophytic genera of liverworts and mosses and grow upon organic matter such as rotten wood on contrary to the rest of the bryophytes, which are autotrophic. These are saprophytic because they do not produce much chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts in the family Anthocerotaceae. The genus is global in its distribution. Its name means 'flower horn', and refers to the characteristic horn-shaped sporophytes that all hornworts produce.The term bryophyta is used as a collective name to represent a group of plants that includes the mosses (musci), hornworts and liverworts (Hepaticae) growing predominantly in amphibious environment. The bryophytes and the green algae have much in common at the level of the cell structure and metabolic pathways.

The Sporophyte Generation. Mitosis of the zygote produces an embryo that grows into the mature sporophyte generation. It consists of: a foot, which absorbs water, minerals, and food from the parent gametophyte.

Sphagnum that generally grows in bogs can absorb large amounts of water i.e., upto 18 times its weight. Therefore, it is extensively used by gardeners to keep seedlings and cut plant parts moist during transportation and propagation. In older times it was also used in place of absorbent cotton.

In bryophytes the long-lived and conspicuous generation is the gametophyte, while in vascular plants it is the sporophyte. Structures resembling stems, roots, and leaves are found on the gametophore of bryophytes, while these structures are found on the sporophytes in the vascular plants.

Bryophytes, or "moss plants" (the phylum includes both mosses and liverworts), are the most primitive of the terrestrial plants and require a moist environment for their existence. They are smaller than tracheophytes and lack the true stems, leaves and roots, that are found in higher plants. Bryophytes are dependent upon the moisture in their surroundings for both reproduction and fluid transport. The flagellated male gametes of Bryophytes, like those of their aquatic ancestors, rely on water to help them move toward female gametes. Additionally, because they lack the efficient system of internal fluid transport found in tracheophytes, Bryophytes require environmental moisture to ensure that all parts of the plants remain nourished. The necessity of water for the act of fertilization; their amphibian nature and the presence of ciliated antherozoids are the supporting points which indicate their aquatic ancestory.

The green algae, known as the Charophytes, and land plants are grouped together into a subphylum called as the Streptophytina and are, therefore, called as Streptophytes. Land plants, which are called as Embryophytes, are classified into two major groups according to the absence or presence of vascular tissue. Plants that lack vascular tissue, which is formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients, are referred to as non-vascular plants or Bryophytes. Non-vascular Embryophytes probably appeared early in land plant evolution and are all seedless. These plants include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

Stems in mosses are multicellular and can show a surprising amount of tissue differentiation depending on the species of moss. Typically, most mosses have cortical cells (also called parenchyma cells), that compose much of the stem, and thick walled cells called as stereids for structural support. Some mosses have internal conducting strands, that guide water and even metabolites through the stem. In general the cells, that conduct water are called as hydroids and cells that conduct metabolites are called as leptoids. A leptoid is a type of elongated food-conducting cell in the stems of some mosses, which surround strands of water-conducting hydroids.

A tiny elongated structure that helps disperse plant spores by coiling and uncoiling in response to changes in humidity. The elaters of horsetails are bands attached to the spore wall, while those of liverworts are sterile cells occurring among the spores.
Elaters found in capsules of bryophytes play important role in their bursting. The hygroscopic nature of elaters allow them to absorb moisture as as result of which they swell, The swelling of elater exerts pressure on the walls of capsules, which ultimately leads to bursting of the capsules.

Bryophytes, an informal group that is now treated as three separate land plant Divisions, namely Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts).Because these plants lack lignified water-conducting tissues, they can't become as tall as most vascular plants.

 The first cell in a sporophyte generation is the diploid zygote, while the first cell in the gametophyte stage is the haploid spore.

Bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte phase on which the adult sporophyte is dependent for the nutrition. The embryo sporophyte develops by cell division of the zygote within the archegonium, and in its early development, it is nurtured by the gametophyte.

In Anthoceros, it extends from base to the top of the capsule. It originates from the inner layer of amphithecium. In young sporophyte it over arches the columella (a feature in contrast to liverworts).

In Bryophyta, organs are referred to as "Leaf like' and 'Stem like' and not the true leaf and stem, because leaf and stem have the complex tissues, which perform the water and food conduction. Bryophytes being the lower plants do not have true leaf, stem and roots. They do not have vascular tissue system.

Mosses show an advance on some liverworts in that the plant body is differentiated into simple stems and leaves, though it has no roots, rhizoids still being present, but these are multicellular and have oblique septa.
Liverworts and hornworts have dorsiventrally flattened lobed plant body, with unicellular rhizoids.

 Funaria hygrometrica is the most common species. Funaria hygrometrica is called “cord moss” because of the twisted seta which is very hygroscopic and untwists when moist.The germination of spores is direct or indirect. In Liverworts & Hornworts the germination of spore is direct i.e. each spore forms a gametophyte after germination i.e. each spore forms one thallus. But the germination of spores in Mosses is indirect.Each bud develops and forms a gametophyte plant.

It produces gametes, hence is called a gametophyte. The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. The male sex organ is called antheridium. They produce biflagellate antherozoids.

Bryophytes are the cryptogamae, which do not bear flowers and seeds. They are non-vascular land plants of moist habitat, in which diploid sporophyte lives as a parasite on independent haploid gametophyte. 
Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams due to the presence of vascular tissues in the plant body.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are Phanerogams, which possess flowers and seeds.

It is thallus-like and prostrate or erect, and attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids. They lack true roots, stem or leaves. They may possess root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures. The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid.