Digestion & Absorption Test 5

Scurvy is a disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C which is present in green vegetables and fresh fruits. Citrus fruits like oranges and lemon are especially rich in vitamin C. If a man is not consuming fresh fruits and vegetables, he is likely to suffer from deficiency of vitamin C leading to development of scurvy.

Vitamin A was first identified as the growth-promoting factor “A.” Studies in the 1920s–1930s demonstrated arrested growth, especially of weight in rats, after acute vitamin A depletion. However, even today effects of vitamin A on linear growth, bone formation and body composition in animals are less clear.

Vitamins are generally organic substances that cannot be synthesized in the body and are indispensable for normal cellular metabolism. Many enzymes of cellular metabolism require coenzymes. Coenzymes are generally derived from vitamins like Thiamine (TPP), Riboflavin (FMN, FAD), Niacin (NAD), Pantothenate (CoA).

Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency. There are two types of the disease: wet beriberi and dry beriberi. Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. In extreme cases, wet beriberi can cause heart failure. Dry beriberi damages the nerves and can lead to decreased muscle strength and eventually, muscle paralysis. Beriberi can be life-threatening if it isn’t treated.

If you have access to foods rich in thiamine, your chances of developing beriberi are low. Today, beriberi mostly occurs in people with an alcohol use disorder. Beriberi from other causes are rare in the United States. Still, the disease can be seen in women who have extreme nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum), in people with AIDS, and after bariatric surgery.

Proteins are body building substances and are an important part of a balanced diet. Meat, eggs and pulses are good sources of proteins. Sugars provide energy instantly and fats provide insulation and are long term energy storage molecules. The nucleic acids are repository of genetic information.

Meat, eggs and pulses are good sources of proteins. Proteins are body building substances and are an important part of a balanced diet. For vegetarian people pulses can be a good source of proteins. Our country produces a variety of 'dals' and these can be consumed as protein sources.

Β-Carotene is converted into vitamin A in the liver.The breakdown of beta-carotene occurs in the walls of the small intestine (intestinal mucosa) and is catalyzed by the enzyme β-carotene dioxygenase to form retinal.

Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) and disaccharides (e.g., sucrose) are relatively small molecules. They are often called sugars. Other carbohydrate molecules are very large polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.
Carbohydrates are the compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They are formed by one sugar molecules. example- glucose, fructose etc.

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is required for the synthesis of collagen. It is also a highly effective antioxidant protecting cells from damage by free radicals. vitamin C can help speed the healing process ofwounds.

Fat is act like heat insulator inside the body and too much of fat prevents the loss of heat and thus, we will feel hotter. Fats are a concentrated source of energy and one gram of fat provide almost twice the energy as one gram of carbohydrate. Hence, during hot months of summers, we should avoid intake of too much of fat.

Carbohydrates provide us energy and are the primary cellular fuel. Carbohydrates can be simple sugars or polymers like cellulose and starch. Cereal grains like rice, wheat, maize etc. are rich in carbohydrates.

Proteins are the major body building biomolecules. Proteins serve a variety of structural and functional roles. Meat, milk and eggs are an important source of proteins. Soybean and other pulses are an important source of plant proteins.

Rickets is a bone disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. There are different bony abnormalities associated with rickets, but all are due to poor mineralization with calcium and phosphate. The active form of vitamin D is synthesized by skin cells when exposed to sunlight.

Oranges contain 53 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. One medium orange delivers 70 mg of vitamin C. Other citrus fruits, such as grapefruit, mandarins and limes, are also good sources of this vitamin.

Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra, which is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia as well as Casal’s necklace lesions on the lower neck, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin, inflammation of the mouth and tongue, digestive disturbances, amnesia, delirium, etc.

Pernicious anemia is defined as a type of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency that results from impaired uptake of vitamin B-12 due to the lack of a substance known as intrinsic factor (IF) produced by the stomach lining. Pernicious anemia is a condition caused by too little vitamin B₁₂ in the body.

Carbohydrates provide us with energy. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (composed of one monomer unit only like glucose, fructose etc.), disaccharide (composed of two monomer units like maltose which is made up of two units of glucose; sucrose made up of one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose) or polysaccharide (made up of multiple monomer units example starch which is composed of multiple units of glucose).

Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is necessary for wound healing. It is needed for many functions in the body, including helping the body use carbohydrates, fats, and protein. Vitamin C also strengthens blood vessel walls. Lack of vitamin C can lead to a condition called scurvy, which causes muscle weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, and bleeding under the skin, as well as tiredness and depression. Wounds also do not heal easily. Your health care professional may treat scurvy by prescribing vitamin C for you. Vitamin C is present in citrus fruits like lemons.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

The most common cause of rickets is a lack of vitamin D or calcium in a child's diet. Both are essential for children to develop strong and healthy bones. Sources of vitamin D are: sunlight – your skin produces vitamin D when it's exposed to the sun, and we get most of our vitamin D this way.