Biology Test 11

Diphtheria is an acute, contagious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. Typical symptoms include- a thick mucopurulent (containing both mucus and pus) nasal discharge, pharyngitis, fever, cough, paralysis and sometimes death.

Nutrition can be divided into three major categories. They are autotrophic/holophytic nutrition, heterotrophic nutrition and myxotrophic nutrition.

Inefficient oxygen supply to the muscles of heart i.e. Angina can cause a sudden damage to the muscles of the heart causing a heart attack.

The utricle in the inner ear contains about 1000 little pebbles made of calcium carbonate. The utricle is a dorsally placed structure to which all the three semicircular ducts are connected. The calcium carbonate present plays a key role in balancing the body and governing the movements.

If the spinal cord is severed loss of voluntary control occur which leads to paralysis. If the thoracic region is injured the lower body and legs are paralyzed, a condition known as paraplegia.

The autonomic nervous system is classified into three types. They are sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and enteric nervous system.

The Myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility. According to preclinical studies, 30% of Myenteric plexus' neurons are enteric sensory neurons, thus Auerbach's plexus has also a sensory component.

Chymeor chymus is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum(the beginning of the small intestine). 
Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolusand consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincterand into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrientsbegins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in anywhere between 40 minutes to a few hours.

A neonate is a new born baby who has 312 bones. 206 bones is present in an adult human body.

The speed of transmission of nerve impulse also depends on the diameter of the fibre. The larger the diameter, the faster the conduction. The velocity of conduction of nerve impulse in frog is 30 metres per second.