Biology Test 145

Hugo de Vries stated that mutations are heritable and persist in successive generations. He conducted his experiments on Oenothera lamarckiana.

Oenothera lamarckiana is a plant species in the family Onagraceae, indigenous to North American Plains. The species was important to the study of genetics, the debate about the cause of evolution, whether that was natural selection or one of the alternatives such as mutationism.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Vitamin B₁₂, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is a cofactor in DNA synthesis and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.

Vitamin B₁₂ is an essential vitamin that is widely used in the medical and food industries. Vitamin B₁₂ biosynthesis is confined to a few bacteria and archaea, and as such its production relies on microbial fermentation.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Prostaglandins is involved in inflammation. They are synthesized in the walls of blood vessels and serve the physiological function of preventing needless clot formation, as well as regulating the contraction of smooth muscle tissue.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

As part of the ventral nerve cord, it is connected (via pairs of connections) to the brain (or supraesophageal ganglion) and to the first thoracic ganglion (or prothoracic ganglion). Its nerves innervate the sensory organs and muscles of the mouthparts and the salivary glands.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

A chasmogamous flower is usually smaller and requires less energy to produce. It is also structured to bring its reproductive organs into contact, making it more likely that fertilization will be successful.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

In biology, caveolae which are a special type of lipid raft, are small (50–100 nanometer) invaginations of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell types, especially in endothelial cells, adipocytes and embryonic notochord cells. Caveolae can bud from the plasma membrane to form an endocytic vesicle or can flatten into the membrane to help cells withstand mechanical stress.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

The electron transport chain (ETC) is the major consumer of O₂ in mammalian cells. The ETC passes electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to protein complexes and mobile electron carriers. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) are mobile electron carriers in the ETC, and O₂ is the final electron recipient.
Hence, the correct option is (B).

Papillae as mucous membranes formed by cells bulging from underneath the tongue. Papillae are little bumps, and they make the tongue look rough. There are four types of papillae that co-exist on the surface of the tongue. These types include- filiform, fungiform, foliate and circumvallate.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Benthos, also known as benthon, from the Greek benthos meaning "depth of the sea", is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, river, lake, or stream bottom, also known as the benthic zone. Clams, worms, oysters, shrimp-like crustaceans and mussels are all examples of benthic organisms.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Selaginella is heterosporous as it produces two sizes of spores: small spores that germinate to produce the male gametophyte; and larger spores (megaspores) that germinate to produce the female gametophyte. The microgametophytes produce sperm equipped with flagella that enable them to swim to the eggs generated by a megagametophyte through water, either in the form of dew or rain, in order to achieve fertilization.

Hence, the correct option is (A).