Nationalism in Europe And India Test - 1

Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They did not believe in universal adult franchise, i.e. the right of every citizen to vote. They also did not want the right to vote for women.

Radicals wanted a nation is which government was based on the majority of a country`s population`. Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great land owners and wealthy factory owners. On the other hand, conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals.

In the early nineteenth century Europe, industrialization brought men, women and children to factories. Work hours were long and wages were poor. Unemployment was common. Liberals and radicals themselves were often property owners and employers.

Robert Owen, a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA).

The "Paris Commune" was a government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May 1871. This was a period when the town council (commune) of Paris was taken over by a 'peoples' government' consisting of workers, ordinary people, professionals, political activists and others. The uprising emerged against a background of growing discontent against the policies of the French state.

The Paris Commune was ultimately crushed by government troops but it was celebrated by Socialists, all over the world as a prelude to a socialist revolution.The Paris Commune is also popularly remembered for two important legacies: one, for its association with the workers' red flag and that was the flag adopted by the communards ( revolutionaries) in Paris; two, for the 'Marseillaise',originally written as a war song in 1792, which became a symbol of the Commune and of the struggle for liberty.

All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century. They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900. This party struggled for peasants' rights and demanded that land belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants. Social Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries about peasants. Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group.

Some were poor and others rich, some worked as labourers while others were capitalists who employed workers. Given this 'differentiation' within them, they could not all be part of a socialist movement. The party was divided over the strategy of organisation.