English, G.Science, S.Studies (Paper-1) Mock Test - 4

"Said", being reporting verb, will be followed by comma. The reported speech, that follows the reporting verb 'said', will be enclosed in quotes. The interjection 'Alas' takes an exclamation mark (!) and the following sentence begins with capital letter.

The interrogative sentence changes into assertive when the narration is changed. The reporting verb 'said' changes to asked, queried, questioned etc. When a question begins with a question word such as where, why, how etc., the same word is used to introduce the question in the indirect speech. As the sentence will be assertive, normal word order will follow, i.e. subject will come before the auxiliary and main verb. The tense changes from simple present (do) to simple past (did). Words expressing nearness in direct speech are changed into words expressing distance in indirect speech. So, 'this month' becomes 'that month'.

When changing the voice, the subject becomes the object and vice-versa. The tense of the sentence in active voice is present perfect. In passive voice, the passive present perfect tense, with the structure 'has been + past participle form of main verb', will be used as 'an issue' is singular.

The word 'exuberant' means 'full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness.'
'Buoyant' also means 'cheerful and optimistic.'

The word 'vintage' means 'something from the past of high quality, especially something representing the best of its kind.'
'Classic' also means 'something judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality and outstanding of its kind.'

'With might and main' means 'with full force'.

The word 'capture' means 'to take captive.'
Whereas 'release' means 'to set free.'

The plural of nucleus is 'nuclei'.

Subject-verb agreement - 'were' will be replaced by 'was' as the subject (teacher) is singular.

The correct sentence is:

In order to voice their interests, women started their own political clubs and newspapers.

'Scare you silly' means 'to shock or frighten someone very suddenly and/or severely'. It fits with 'coward'.

As the reason is already known, the correct usage will be 'since'. Double negatives are not used, so options 3 and 4 are incorrect. 

'Abnormal' means 'not normal; not typical, usual, regular or conforming to a norm'. 

The correct maxim is 'Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.'

'Denounce' means 'speak out against'. 'Commend' means 'express approval of'.

'Sceptical' means 'doubtful'. So, its opposite will be 'certain'.

'Hazardous' means 'dangerous'.

'Sane' means 'rational'.

'Willing' is opposite to 'reluctant'.

The word 'speedy' refers to someone/something characterised by speed; moving with or capable of moving with high speed.

It is given in the passage, "We ... look even more foolish when we slip back into our old bad ways."
The use of 'look foolish' indicates that people are ready to tease and laugh at the unsuccessful efforts made by us.

The passage states, "Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious ..." This means we set very high goals for ourselves. As a result they become difficult to achieve.

It is given in the passage, "If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure." This indicates that their past efforts resulted in failures. So, they remain habitual smokers.

The same resolutions occur on our list every year. We try every year and in spite of failure, the same resolution is back on the list. This indicates that we want to try again next year.

'Formidable' means 'inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large'. The list is so long that it is intimidating or frightening.

It consists mostly of hydrogen at very high temperature. At this temperature, the hydrogen atoms fuse slowly and get converted into helium by releasing large amount of heat and energy.

Graphite conducts electricity due to the presence of free electrons in a its crystal lattice.

Sandy soil → Mainly big particles
Clayey soil → Mainly fine particles
Loamy soil → Fine and large particles in equal proportion

Chemical energy is the basic source of energy in thermal power plants. Chemical energy is produced by the burning of coal in thermal power plants and then converting it into electrical energy.

Comet is a collection of large number of rocky and metallic particles orbiting around the Sun in an highly elliptical orbit. It mostly remains away from the Sun. It develops tail when it reaches near the Sun.

Generally there are 4 types of friction. They are static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction and fluid friction.

The choroid is connected to the iris through the ciliary body. The retina is the innermost and most photosensitive part of the eye, which is located at its back. It comprises innumerable cells called rods and cones, which help people to see in dim as well as bright light.

A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.

Kinetic friction, also known as dynamic or sliding friction, occurs when a body is in relative motion with another, with their surfaces in contact. It is the frictional force that slows down, and eventually stops a moving object.
For example, a soccer ball given a slight kick will begin to roll on the pitch, then slow down, and then come to a stop. The ball is slowed down, and then stopped after it had started moving with a velocity, as a result of the kinetic friction between its surface and the pitch.

A lodestone is a naturally magnetised piece of the mineral magnetite. They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron.

Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity.

When heated, copper carbonate (green) turns black due to the formation of copper oxide. The copper oxide can then react with the hydrogen gas to form the copper metal and water.

Golgi apparatus performs the function of packaging the materials, to be either delivered to the intra-cellular targets or secreted outside the cell. The formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids also takes place in Golgi apparatus.

The conversion of vegetable oil into Vanaspati ghee is an example of hydrogenation reaction in which nickel, palladium or platinum are used as catalysts.

Ammonia is also used as a refrigerant gas, for purification of water supplies, and in the manufacture of plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes and other chemicals. It is found in many household and industrial-strength cleaning solutions.

Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe₃O₄. It contains highest iron content i.e. 72.4%.

Atomic number of chlorine = 17
Its electronic configuration will be: 2, 8, 7.

All of the above are the advantages of crop rotation.
Several crops may be grown in succession with only one soil preparation. For example, land is ploughed for maize and its stubble is left on the land for wheat.
Crop rotation controls pest as most pathogens do not infest multiple crops. It reduces the need of fertilisers. For example, nitrogen supply is maintained in the crop field when leguminous crops are alternated with others. By alternating between the deep and shallow rooted crops, the soil may be utilised completely. It is an advantage of crop rotation.

When milk is heated to a temperature of 30-40 degrees centigrade and a small amount of old curd is added to it, the lactobacillus in that curd sample gets activated and multiplies. These convert the lactose into lactic acid, which imparts the sour taste to curd.

Viruses are the smallest of all organisms. The largest known virus is the Mimivirus which measures up to 400 nanometers, while the smallest viruses have size between 15-50 nanometers.

The addition of water to quick lime or calcium oxide results in the formation of calcium hydroxide, which is called slaked lime. It is simply the hydration of the metal oxide to form hydroxide. It is an exothermic reaction, hence accompanied by the release of energy.

Diffusion causes the smoke molecules to evenly distribute themselves. Diffusion in gases is very fast. Due to it when an incense stick is lighted or a perfume bottle is opened, the fragrance spreads.

Asthma, scurvy and diabetes are non-communicable diseases.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness, hepatitis B is a contagious liver infection and cholera can be transferred from person to person by infected fecal matter entering into mouth or by water or food contaminated with Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the imperial forces of the British East India Company were supported by the Nizam of Hyderabad. They defeated Tipu, and he was killed on 4 May 1799 while defending his fort of Srirangapatna.

For Muslim communities seats were reserved by the Morley Minto Reforms. Morley-Minto Reforms was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of British India. As more power was shifted from the British to Indian politicians in 1919, 1935 and afterward, Muslims were ever more determined to hold on to or even expand the reserved seats and their weightage.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was known for his efforts to abolish the practices of Sati and child marriage.
He was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent.

Doctrine of lapse was the policy of Dalhousie, the then Governor General, to annex the independent Indian States in 1848 A.D. This doctrine was based on the idea that in case a ruler of dependent state died childless, the right of ruling over the State reverted or 'lapsed' to the sovereign.

Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh is known for geo-thermal energy project. Two experimental projects are set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Governor of a state can be removed from the office without impeachment. As Governor holds office at the pleasure of the President, Governor can be removed by the President directly because of the lack of impeachment procedure of the Governor in the Constitution. Removal of the Governor had been always contentious.

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Portuguese is not an official language of the UN.

Natural hazards are hazards which are caused because of natural phenomena (hazards with meteorological, geological or even biological origin). Examples of natural hazards are cyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic eruption, which are exclusively of natural origin. Landslides, floods, droughts and fires are socio-natural hazards since their causes are both natural and man-made.

There shall be a Council of Ministers with the prime minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power.

The famous slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad' was given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous slogan inspired the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association particularly Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.

The General Assembly of the U.N.O. holds its meetings once a year. The General Assembly's regular session usually begins each year in September. In addition, the Assembly may meet in special sessions at the request of the Security Council, of a majority of member states, or of one member if the majority of members concur. The presidency changes every session.

The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India, introduced by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal district. It allowed the government to deal directly with the peasant (ryot) for revenue collection, and gave the peasant freedom to give up or acquire new land for cultivation. The peasant was assessed for only the lands he was cultivating.
This system was in operation for nearly 30 years and had many features of revenue system of the Mughals. It was instituted in some parts of British India, one of the two main systems used to collect revenues in the form of taxes from the cultivators of agricultural land.

Foreign trade policy in India is announced by the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It announced New Foreign Trade Policy on 1^st April 2015 for the period 2015-2020.

Abhinav Bharat was named after the Abhinav Bharat Society, an organisation founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1904. The original organisation believed in armed revolution, and was responsible for the assassinations of some officers of the ruling British government before being disbanded in 1952.

Willy-willy is a tropical cyclone in Australia. It is an upward spiralling, dust filled vortex of air that may vary in height from a few feet to over 1,000. They are usually several metres in diameter at the base, then narrowing for a short distance before expanding again.

Monopoly of the East India Company to trade with China was abolished by the Charter Act of 1833.
Charter act of 1813 ended the monopoly of the East India Company in India, however the company's monopoly in trade with china and trade in tea with India was kept intact. Thus, trade with India for all commodities except Tea was thrown open to all British subjects. This lasted till 1833 when the next charter abolished the trade of the company.

Lord Lytton brought the Vernacular Press Act into force in 1878. It was repealed by Lord Ripon in 1882.

Provincial autonomy was introduced in India by the Government of India Act, 1935.
The 1935 Act was the second instalment of constitutional reforms passed by the British Parliament for implementing the ideal of responsible government in India. The Act of 1935 envisaged a federal form of government and as such was a radical departure from its predecessors. It granted provinces to the Centre.

India is said to be federal in form but unitary in character because the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor purely unitary but it is a combination of both. India is federal constitution because the powers are divided into central and state government.
Some unitary features are also possessed by India, such as the availability of single and flexible constitution, emergency provisions, single citizenship, etc.

Clement Richard Attlee was a British Labour politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. He was the Prime Minister of Britain when India gained independence.

The slogan 'Every drop counts' emphasises the concern that usable and potable water is limited, and that there is an urgent need to conserve it and avoid wastage.

Alam Ara was the first Indian sound film directed by Ardeshir Irani. The first Indian talkie was so popular that police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds.

Sati was a ritual of wife burning herself on the funeral pyre of husband. Mughal emperor Humayun fist banned the practice of Sati but could not implement the law strictly. Akbar attempted to prevent a sati by calling a widow before him and offering her wealth and protection. Sati was outlawed by Akbar in 1663.

Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once called Mahatma Gandhi "a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir... striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceregal Palace." Churchill was unhappy at Gandhi's participation at the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931. Churchill even suggested Gandhi should be allowed to die if he goes on hunger strike.