Maharashtra Board HSC 12th History Exam 2024 : Most Important Question Answers

Maharashtra Class 12 exams have started and you have very little time left for the History exam. Therefore, we are providing the Most Important Answer Type Questions in this article. You can study them well and score well in your exams.

So this article is to help you ace those Most Important Short & Long Question Answers with quick and effective last-minute revision.

Most Important Short & Long Question Answers are an important part of your History exam to score good marks. Mastering them can boost your confidence and lead to important scores. These questions cover various topics from the History syllabus. Remember, it is important to understand the logic behind each answer to score well.

Maharashtra Board History Most Important Question Answers

Important MCQ 

1.Industrial Revolution first began in…………..

(a) America
(b) England
(c) France
(d) Germany

Ans. (b) England.

2.Vasco da Gama landed at the Indian port of………….. in 1498.

(a) Madras
(b) Kanyakumari
(c) Calicut [ Kozikode]
(d) Kochin

Ans. (c) Calicut [Kozikode].

3. ‘Declaration of Independence’ was drafted by………..

(a) George Washington
(b) Thomas Jefferson
(c) Lord Amherst
(d) Lord Cornwallis

Ans. (b) Thomas Jefferson.

4. in 1774, meeting held at ________, it was decided to oppose British colonial policies.

(a) Philadelphia
(b) Boston
(c) New York
(d) Paris

Ans. (a) Philadelphia.

5.The first seafarer to come to India by sea was_________.

(a) Vasco-da-Gama
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Ibn Batuta
(d) Columbus

Ans. (a) Vasco-da-Gama.

6. Three wars, known as Karnetic wars were fought between _______on Indian land.

(a) French and British
(b) British and Marathas
(c) British Portuguese
(d) British Hyder

Ans. (a) French and British

7. British agent, _____ was present in the coronation ceremony of Shivaji Maharaj

A. Henry Revington
B. Phillip Gifford
C. Henry Oxinden
D. Richard Taylor

Ans. (C) Henry Oxinden.

8. Younger brother of Peshwa Bajirao I, Chimajiappa defeated _____________ at Vasai.

A. British
B. French
C. Dutch
D. Portuguese

Ans. (D) Portuguese.

9. Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote an English letter against the _______.

A. Practice of Sati
B. Untouchability
C. Child Marriage
D. Practice of ‘Keshwapan’

Ans. (A) Practice of Sati.

10. Depressed Classes mission was established by _________.

A. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
B. Mahatma Phule
C. Rajarshi Shahu
D. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde

Ans. (D) Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde.

11. The policy of doctrine of lapse was adopted by __________

a) Lord Dalhousie
b) Lord Curzon
c) Lord Canning
d) Captain Outram

Ans. (a) Lord Dalhousie.

12. Shyamji Krishna Verma had founded ____________ in London

a) India House
b) Gadar
c) Communist Party
d)Abhinav Bharat

Ans. (a) India House.

13. When Austria declared war on Serbia -------- the country of SerbiaRan to help.

(A) Germany
(B) America
(C) Hungary
(D) Russia

Ans. (D) Russia.

14. Hitler had to commit suicide after defeating the German army.

(A) Russia
(B) England
(C) American
(D) Poland

Ans. (D) Poland

15. In the First World War ----------- and Turkey were defeated.

(A) USA
(B) France
(C) England
(D) Germany

Ans. (D) Germany.

16. The headquarters of CETO is at ---------.

(A) Thailand
(B) Philippines
(C) Pakistan
(D) Great Britain

Ans. (A) Thailand

17. The Pokhran where the nuclear test was conducted is in the state.

(A) Maharashtra
(B) State
(C) Gujarat
(D) Haryana

Ans. (B) State

18. On behalf of the Department of Health, Government of India since 1995 -- ----------- vaccination campaign launched.

(A) Measles
(B) Pulse Polio
(C) BCG
(D) Triple

Ans. (B) Pulse Polio.

19. The Chipko movement was started by ----------.

(A) Brother Katdare
(B) Dr. Rajendrasinh
(C) Medha Patkar
(D) Sunderlal Bahuguna

Ans. (D) Sunderlal Bahuguna

20. To attract tourists ---------- The campaign was implemented

(A) Incredible India
(B) Olympiad
(C) All education
(D) Tradition

Ans. (A) Incredible India.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Explain the causes and effects of European crusades.

Ans. 

• Religious fervor for Jerusalem + economic opportunities like trade routes drove the Crusades.
• Limited success regaining the land, but boosted trade & worsened Christian-Muslim relations.

2. Write information about the industrial revolution that took place in textile industry

Ans. The Industrial Revolution revolutionized textile production with a 3-pronged attack:

1. Machine Power: Out went hand-looms, replaced by power looms humming with water or steam. Spinning jennies and frames skyrocketed yarn production, making cloth far faster.

2. Factory Focus: Scattered cottage industries consolidated into centralized factories. This boosted organization, supervision, and overall production efficiency.

3. Material Mania: The cotton gin in America made cotton a textile king, while synthetic dyes brought vibrant colors and affordability to the market, creating a wider range of textiles for everyone.

3. Explain the events in American struggle for independence.

Ans. The American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, was a rebellion and political revolution in the Thirteen Colonies. The colonists initiated a war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain. This insurrection began in 1775 and concluded with a peace treaty in 1783. As a result, the colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America12.Key events during this struggle included battles such as the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Battles of Saratoga, and the final British surrender at Yorktown. The conflict initially started as a civil war within the British Empire, but it later became an international war as France and Spain joined the colonies against Britain1. Ultimately, the American Revolution marked a significant turning point in history, leading to the birth of a new nation founded on principles of liberty and self-governance.

4. Write the information about the British Colonies in Africa

Ans. British colonization of Africa involved numerous territories across the continent, but here's a concise breakdown in 3 points:

1. Regions and Motives: Britain established colonies in West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Gambia), East Africa (Kenya, Uganda), South Africa (South Africa itself, Zambia, Zimbabwe), and parts of North Africa (Egypt, Sudan). Motivations were a mix of trade (gold, resources), establishing strategic ports, and later, the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century, a European race to claim territories.

2. Impact: The colonies provided raw materials for British industries and new markets for their goods. However, it also led to:

   • Disruption of traditional African societies and economies.
   • Imposition of British rule and administration.
   • Exploitation of African resources and labor.

3. Legacy: The legacy of British colonialism in Africa is complex. While infrastructure development and some educational advancements occurred, the arbitrary borders drawn by Europeans sowed seeds of future conflicts. The struggle for independence in the 20th century led to the formation of many modern African nations.

5. What were the rights given to United East India Company by the Dutch government?

Ans. The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC), established in the early 17th century, was granted significant rights by the Dutch government. These rights enabled the VOC to operate effectively in its pursuit of trade and colonial dominance:

1. Trade Monopoly: The Dutch government granted the VOC a monopoly on trade in the waters between the Cape of Good Hope (at the southern tip of Africa) and the Straits of Magellan (between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans). This exclusive trading privilege allowed the VOC to control commerce in this vast maritime region.

2. Treaty-Making Authority: The VOC had the right to conclude treaties with native princes and rulers in the regions where it operated. These treaties facilitated trade agreements, alliances, and other diplomatic arrangements.

3. Fort Building and Armed Forces: The company was authorized to build forts in strategic locations along its trade routes. These forts served as trading posts, defense outposts, and administrative centers. Additionally, the VOC could maintain armed forces to protect its interests and secure its trading posts.

6. The British company decided to build their ‘factories’ in India.

Ans. The British East India Company, driven by its quest for trade and profit, established its factories in various parts of India. These factories served as crucial centers for commerce, administration, and interaction with local rulers. Here are some key points about these factories:

1. Surat: The British East India Company set up its first factory in Surat in 1608. Surat was a major port on the western coast of India, and the factory facilitated trade in textiles, spices, and other commodities.

2. Madras (Chennai): In 1639, the company acquired a piece of land from the local ruler and established a factory in Madras (now Chennai). Madras became a significant center for trade and administration in the southern part of India.

3. Calcutta (Kolkata): The British East India Company secured the rights to establish a factory in Calcutta in 1690. Calcutta grew into a major hub for trade, and later, it became the capital of British India.

7. Explain the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha sovereignty.

Ans. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj employed a multi-pronged approach to safeguard Maratha sovereignty:

1. Military Prowess: He built a strong and well-trained army, focusing on mobility with cavalry (Marathas were known for guerilla warfare) and innovative fort construction to control strategic locations and deter invasions.

2. Strategic Alliances: Shivaji understood the value of diplomacy. He forged alliances with smaller kingdoms and occasionally even with Mughal rivals to maintain a balance of power and prevent a united front against the Marathas.

3. Economic Self-Sufficiency: He established a robust taxation system and promoted trade within Maratha territories, reducing dependence on external powers and ensuring financial independence to support his military and administration.

8. Why did the Maratha power declined?

Ans. The decline of the Maratha Empire can be attributed to a confluence of factors 

1. Internal Discord: After Shivaji's death, internal conflicts arose among Maratha leaders (Sardars) vying for power. This weakened the centralized leadership and diverted resources away from external threats.

2. Military Expansion Without Consolidation: The Marathas focused on expanding their territory rapidly but failed to effectively consolidate their control over conquered regions. This led to rebellions and resentment from newly acquired subjects.

3. External Pressures: The rise of the British East India Company posed a major external threat. The Marathas suffered defeats in wars against the British, ultimately leading to their loss of independence. Additionally, resurgence of Mughal power under Aurangzeb also challenged Maratha dominance.

9. Explain the principles of Prarthana Samaj.

Ans. The Prarthana Samaj, a 19th-century reform movement in India, championed these core principles in 3 key areas:

1. Religion:

   • Monotheism: They rejected idol worship and emphasized belief in one Supreme God.
   • Reason and Devotion: They advocated for a balance between rational thought and religious devotion, encouraging a more critical examination of religious practices.

2. Social Reform:

   • Equality: They fought against the caste system, advocating for social equality and upliftment of marginalized groups.
   • Women's Rights: They supported education and equal rights for women, including opposing child marriage and promoting widow remarriage.

3. Education: They believed education was crucial for social progress and individual empowerment. They actively promoted the spread of education, particularly for women.

10. Write about the contributions of Ramakrishna Mission

Ans. The Ramakrishna Mission, a renowned organization founded by Swami Vivekananda, has left a lasting mark on Indian society through its contributions in 3 key domains:

1. Social Service:

   • Education: Established a vast network of schools, colleges, and universities, promoting access to education for all.
   • Healthcare: Set up hospitals, dispensaries, and mobile medical units, providing vital healthcare services, especially in rural areas.
   • Disaster Relief: Responded to natural disasters and emergencies, offering aid and rehabilitation to affected communities.

2. Spiritual Upliftment:

   • Teachings: Propagated the ideals of Vedanta philosophy, emphasizing universal brotherhood, self-realization, and service to humanity.
   • Monasteries: Established centers where people could practice spiritual disciplines, meditation, and yoga.
   • Interfaith Dialogue: Promoted understanding and harmony among different religions.

3. Cultural Awakening:

   • Preserved Heritage: Supported the preservation of India's rich cultural heritage through libraries, museums, and research institutions.
   • Rural Development: Worked towards uplifting rural communities through agricultural initiatives and vocational training.
   • Women Empowerment: Provided educational and vocational opportunities for women, promoting their social and economic empowerment.

11. Explain the causes of the Freedom struggle of 1857

Ans.  The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, arose from a confluence of factors:

1. Discontent with British Rule: Growing resentment among Indians simmered due to land policies, discriminatory laws, and economic exploitation by the British East India Company.

2. Military Grievances: Sepoys (Indian soldiers in the British army) felt disrespected by cultural impositions, forced conversions, and the introduction of greased cartridges seen as religiously impure.

12. Discuss the background of founding of Indian National Congress

Ans. The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885 against the backdrop of growing Indian nationalism. Discontent with British rule had been simmering for decades due to factors like:

The rise of educated Indians exposed to Western ideas of liberty and democracy further fueled the desire for self-rule.

The INC, led by A.O. Hume and early figures like Dadabhai Naoroji, aimed to unite various social groups under a common banner to achieve self-government for India.

13. Explain the nature of Atlantic Sanade.

Ans. The Atlantic Charter, not Sanade, was a declaration of principles, not a treaty. It outlined shared goals between the US and Britain for a peaceful post-WWII world, including self-determination (right of nations to choose their own government) and free trade.

14 The independence movement had intensified in Africa.

Ans. Yes, that's right! The independence movement in Africa intensified after World War II. 

• Post-War Discontent: African soldiers who fought alongside European powers during the war returned home with new ideas about self-determination and challenged colonial rule.
• Global Climate: The success of anti-colonial movements in Asia and the growing emphasis on human rights globally emboldened African independence movements.

15 Write down the elements involved in the Cold War.

Ans. The Cold War, a long period of tension, wasn't just a military standoff. 

1. Ideological Clash: The US championed capitalism and democracy, while the USSR promoted communism and a one-party state. Each side saw theirs as the only right way and vied for global influence.

2. Proxy Wars & Espionage: Direct conflict was rare, but they fought indirectly. The US and USSR backed opposing sides in regional wars (e.g., Korea, Vietnam). Espionage was rampant as each side tried to steal secrets and undermine the other.

3. Nuclear Shadow & Space Race: A massive arms race fueled by fear of a devastating nuclear war loomed large. Both superpowers poured resources into developing ever-more destructive weapons. The competition extended to space exploration, with each striving for dominance beyond Earth.

16. Explain the consequences of the Cold War

Ans. The Cold War's legacy is complex and far-reaching. 

1. Divided World & Proxy Wars: The ideological struggle divided the world into two blocs, with many nations aligning with either the US or the USSR. This fueled numerous proxy wars around the globe, causing widespread devastation and instability in many regions.

2. Nuclear Threat & Arms Race: The constant fear of nuclear annihilation hung heavy throughout the Cold War. The arms race between the superpowers led to a massive stockpile of nuclear weapons, posing an existential threat to humanity.

3. Social, Political, and Economic Impacts: The Cold War influenced social movements, political ideologies, and economic systems worldwide. The rivalry spurred technological advancements, space exploration, and propaganda campaigns. However, it also hampered international cooperation and diverted resources away from development projects.

17. Write information about India's Play India scheme.

Ans. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Khelo India initiative (translated as "Play India") in 2017 with the aim of revamping India's sporting culture at the grassroots level. 

1. Focus on Development: Khelo India prioritizes talent identification and nurturing of young athletes. It provides scholarships, training facilities, and competition opportunities to identify and groom promising talent across various sports.

2. Infrastructure Boost: The scheme aims to improve India's sporting infrastructure by building new stadiums, upgrading existing facilities, and creating dedicated training centers across the country.

3. Competition Structure: Khelo India organizes multi-disciplinary events at various levels, including school, university, and national levels. These competitions provide a platform for young athletes to showcase their skills, gain experience, and compete at a national stage.

18. Why Tourism Mart was started in 2018?

Ans. The India Tourism Mart (ITM) was started in 2018 for a few key reasons, all aiming to boost India's tourism sector:

1. Creating a Global Platform: Prior to ITM, India lacked a major international tourism mart like events held in other countries. ITM aimed to fill this gap by providing a platform for Indian tourism stakeholders to connect and conduct business with international buyers and travel agents. This could potentially lead to increased tourist arrivals and revenue.

2. Showcasing Hidden Gems: India boasts diverse tourism offerings beyond the well-known destinations. ITM aimed to showcase these "hidden gems" to international tour operators, potentially attracting tourists to new regions and promoting a more holistic tourism experience in India.

3. Boosting Tourist Arrivals: By 2018, the Indian government had ambitious goals to significantly increase foreign tourist arrivals. ITM was envisioned as a tool to achieve this target by attracting international interest and promoting India as a compelling tourist destination.

19. Write the effects of WTO on India.

Ans. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has had a mixed impact on India, with both positive and negative effects. 

Positive Effects:

• Increased Trade: India's trade has grown significantly after joining the WTO. Membership has opened access to global markets for Indian goods and services.

• Foreign Investment: Lower tariffs and relaxed restrictions have attracted foreign companies to invest in India, boosting economic growth and job creation.

Negative Effects:

• Loss of Tariff Revenue: Reducing import duties has decreased government revenue from tariffs. This can impact social welfare programs.

• Impact on Farmers: Cheap agricultural imports from developed countries can harm Indian farmers' livelihoods.

20. Write the nature of crop insurance plan.

Ans. Crop insurance plans protect farmers against financial losses due to unforeseen events that damage their crops. 

1. Risk Mitigation: Crop insurance acts as a safety net for farmers. By paying a premium, they can receive compensation for losses caused by natural disasters like floods, droughts, hailstorms, or pests and diseases.

2. Yield-based or Revenue-based: There are two main types of crop insurance plans:

   • Yield-based: Indemnity is based on the difference between the insured yield and the actual yield due to the covered perils.
   • Revenue-based: Focuses on the insured revenue and pays out if the actual revenue falls below a predetermined threshold.

3. Government Supported: In many countries, crop insurance schemes are subsidized by the government to make them more affordable for farmers, encouraging participation and mitigating financial risks associated with agriculture.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Write the information about the Geographical discoveries and explorers.
(1) Macro Polo (2) Henry the Navigator (3) Bartholomew Dias

Ans. Here's some information about the geographical discoveries and explorers you mentioned:

1. Marco Polo: A Venetian merchant who traveled extensively in Asia during the 13th century. He spent over 20 years in China, working for the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan. His book, "The Travels of Marco Polo," provided Europeans with their first detailed accounts of East Asia, sparking interest in trade and exploration.

2. Henry the Navigator: A Portuguese prince who played a pivotal role in European exploration during the 15th century. He established a school for navigation and shipbuilding, funded numerous voyages down the west coast of Africa, and encouraged the development of new nautical instruments. His leadership and vision helped pave the way for the Age of Exploration.

3. Bartholomew Dias: A Portuguese explorer who rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488. He named the cape "Cabo das Tormentas" (Cape of Storms) due to the rough seas encountered there. However, King John II of Portugal later renamed it the "Cape of Good Hope" due to the optimistic outlook it provided for a sea route to India. Dias' discovery opened a new chapter in European exploration, as it proved Africa could be circumnavigated, leading to Vasco da Gama's successful voyage to India a decade later.

2.Write the information about the various inventions during the renaissance period
(1) Metallurgy (2) Use of Machines (3) Textile Industry

Ans. The Renaissance period (14th-17th centuries) witnessed a surge in innovation and invention across various fields. Here's a breakdown of the advancements you mentioned:

1. Metallurgy:

   • Improved Blast Furnace Design: More efficient blast furnaces allowed for higher temperatures, enabling the mass production of iron and steel. This led to the creation of sturdier and more versatile tools, weapons, and armor.
   • New Metalworking Techniques: Techniques like hammering, rolling, and drawing were refined, allowing for the shaping of metals into more intricate forms. This facilitated advancements in various fields like shipbuilding, printing, and clockmaking.

2. Use of Machines:

   • The Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg's revolutionary invention in the mid-15th century dramatically transformed communication and knowledge dissemination. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books and printed materials, fostering literacy and the spread of ideas.
   • Water-Powered Mills: Waterwheels became a reliable source of power, driving various machines for grinding grain, sawing wood, and bellows for furnaces. This reduced reliance on manual labor and increased efficiency in production.
   • The Mechanical Clock: Accurate timekeeping became possible with the development of mechanical clocks, incorporating balance wheels, pendulums, and escapements. This innovation not only revolutionized timekeeping but also influenced scientific advancements that relied on precise measurements.

3. Textile Industry:

   • The Flying Shuttle: Developed in 1733 by John Kay, the flying shuttle significantly increased the speed and efficiency of weaving. This innovation involved a shuttle that could be propelled across the loom with a single motion, allowing weavers to produce cloth much faster.
   • Spinning Jenny: Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny was a multi-spindle spinning frame that enabled a single worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously. This greatly increased yarn production and paved the way for further advancements in textile manufacturing.
   • Power Loom: The invention of the power loom in the late 18th century marked a shift from manual to mechanized weaving. Powered by water or steam, power looms could operate continuously and at a much faster pace compared to hand looms. This significantly boosted textile output and transformed the industry.

3. Explain the British – Myanmar relations.
A. Brahmi Wars B. King Thibaw C. Consequences

Ans. British-Myanmar Relations: A Complex History

British-Myanmar relations were marked by conflict, conquest, and exploitation. Here's a breakdown of the key points you requested:

A. Not Brahmi Wars, but Anglo-Burmese Wars:

There were no "Brahmi Wars." The conflicts between Britain and Myanmar were known as the Anglo-Burmese Wars. Three major wars occurred:

1. First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826):

   • Caused by border disputes and trade tensions.
   • Ended with a British victory and the cession of territories to them.

2. Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852-1855):

   • Sparked by British outrage over mistreatment of a British trader.
   • Resulted in further British annexation of Burmese territory.

3. Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885):

   • Triggered by disputes over logging rights and British concerns about French influence.
   • Led to the complete annexation of Upper Burma and the formal incorporation of Myanmar into British India.

B. King Thibaw:

King Thibaw was the last king of Burma, reigning from 1878 to 1885. During his reign, British influence in Myanmar grew significantly. He was accused of mismanaging the country and was ultimately captured by the British after the Third Anglo-Burmese War.

C. Consequences of British Rule:

• Loss of Independence: Myanmar lost its independence and became a British colony, experiencing economic exploitation and resource extraction.
• Infrastructure Development: The British built some infrastructure like railways and roads, but primarily to facilitate resource extraction and administration.
• Education System: A Western-style education system was introduced, creating a small, Anglicized elite class.
• Cultural Disruption: Traditional Burmese culture and society were disrupted by British policies and influence.

 

4. Write a note on Relations of British with the states in Asia.
A. Nepal B. Bhutan C. Tibet

Ans. British Relations with Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet: A Mix of Influence and Buffer States

The British in India held complex relationships with Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet, often employing a strategy of maintaining buffer states in the Himalayas. Here's a closer look:

A. Nepal:

• Early Conflict: The Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) resulted in a Gurkha defeat and a treaty that limited Nepal's expansion and established trade relations.
• Gurkha Recruitment: The British recruited Gurkhas, known for their bravery, into their colonial army, forming a strong military partnership that continues today.
• Limited Influence: Nepal largely remained an independent kingdom, but the British exerted some influence through diplomacy and trade.

B. Bhutan:

• Bhutan as a Buffer: The British viewed Bhutan as a strategic buffer state between British India and China.
• Treaty of Punakha (1910): Bhutan became a de facto British protectorate under this treaty, with Britain controlling its foreign affairs in exchange for internal autonomy.
• Limited Intervention: The British generally avoided direct intervention in Bhutan's internal affairs, focusing on maintaining its strategic role.

C. Tibet:

• Limited Contact: The Himalayas formed a natural barrier, and the British had less direct contact with Tibet compared to Nepal and Bhutan.
• Trade Missions: The British attempted trade missions in the late 18th century but faced resistance from Tibet.
• Indirect Influence: British concerns about Chinese and Russian influence in Tibet sometimes shaped their overall Himalayan strategy.

 

5. Write the information about the Portuguese factories
A. Places B. Officers

Ans. Portuguese Factories: Trading Hubs with Fortified Administration

Portuguese factories were not manufacturing plants, but fortified trading posts established throughout their colonial empire, particularly in Asia. Here's a breakdown of the key points:

A. Places:

Portuguese factories were strategically located in port cities or along major trade routes. Some notable examples include:

• Goa (India): Served as the administrative center of Portuguese India and a key hub for trade in spices, textiles, and other goods.
• Malacca (Malaysia): A crucial port for controlling trade in Southeast Asia, particularly spices like nutmeg and cloves.
• Macau (China): Established as a trading post with China, becoming a center for trade in silk, porcelain, and tea.
• Diu (India): A fortified island off the coast of Gujarat, providing a strategic location for controlling maritime trade.
• Solór (Indonesia): A center for the spice trade, particularly cloves.

B. Officers:

These factories were overseen by Portuguese officials who held various roles:

• Governor (Governador): The highest-ranking official, responsible for the overall administration of the factory and its surrounding territory.
• Factor (Feitor): Supervised trade activities, negotiated deals with local merchants, and ensured the quality and quantity of goods being exported and imported.
• Captain (Capitão): Commanded the military garrison stationed at the factory, responsible for its security and defense.
• Clerks (Escrivães): Maintained records of trade transactions, taxes collected, and other administrative matters.
• Soldiers (Soldados): Formed the garrison tasked with protecting the factory, its personnel, and goods.

6. Write a note on the Maratha – British relations
(A) Maratha rulers in various times and British relations (B) Maratha Navy (C) British policies

Ans. Maratha-British Relations: A Shifting Landscape

The relationship between the Marathas and the British East India Company (EIC) was complex and evolved over time. Here's a breakdown of the key points you requested:

(A) Maratha Rulers and British Relations:

• Early Interactions: Initial contacts involved trade agreements, with the British seeking access to Maratha territories for trade.
• Shifting Alliances: Maratha rulers sometimes formed alliances with the British against common enemies but also competed with them for control of territory and trade routes.
• Growing Tensions: As the British EIC expanded its power in India, they increasingly clashed with the Maratha Confederacy. Disputes over trade, taxation, and territory led to armed conflict.
• The Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775-1818): Three major wars were fought, ultimately resulting in a decisive British victory and the decline of Maratha power.

(B) The Maratha Navy:

• Early Importance: The Marathas established a strong navy, particularly under Chhatrapati Shivaji, allowing them to control coastal regions, collect taxes on maritime trade, and project their power at sea.
• Decline of the Navy: Internal conflicts and a focus on land-based expansion led to the neglect of the Maratha navy over time. This left them vulnerable to British naval power during the Anglo-Maratha Wars.

(C) British Policies:

• Divide and Rule: The British exploited internal divisions within the Maratha Confederacy to weaken their collective power and negotiate alliances with individual Maratha rulers.
• Military Superiority: The British invested heavily in modernizing their military, employing advanced weaponry and tactics that ultimately proved superior to the Maratha forces.
• Economic Drain: The prolonged wars and British dominance over trade routes put a strain on Maratha resources and finances.

7. Write a note on the Maratha – Portuguese relations
(A) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and the Portuguese (B) Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj and the Portuguese (C) Peshwas and the Portuguese

Ans. Maratha-Portuguese Relations: A Tale of Conflict and Coexistence

The relationship between the Marathas and the Portuguese in Western India was a complex tapestry woven with threads of conflict, cooperation, and competition. Here's a closer look at the interactions during the reigns you mentioned:

(A) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and the Portuguese:

• Early Conflict: Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire, viewed the Portuguese as rivals for control of coastal territories and trade routes. He launched successful raids on Portuguese forts like Surat and Kalyan, establishing Maratha dominance in these regions.
• Pragmatic Coexistence: Despite the conflict, Shivaji occasionally entered into temporary alliances with the Portuguese based on strategic considerations. He even recruited some Portuguese soldiers and adopted elements of European military tactics.
• Legacy: Shivaji's legacy of challenging Portuguese control in the Konkan region paved the way for future Maratha expansion.

(B) Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj and the Portuguese:

• Strained Relations: Sambhaji's reign witnessed a continuation of the tense relationship with the Portuguese. He faced Portuguese support for the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, a major adversary of the Marathas.
• Military Clashes: Several military confrontations occurred, with the Marathas capturing some Portuguese forts like Gheria. However, the Portuguese retained control of Goa, a key coastal outpost.

(C) Peshwas and the Portuguese:

• • Shifting Alliances: The Peshwas, who became the de facto leaders of the Maratha Confederacy after Shivaji, pursued a more cautious approach towards the Portuguese. They sometimes maintained a fragile neutrality or even entered into temporary alliances when circumstances suited them.
  • Focus on Mughal Threat: The Peshwas were more preoccupied with countering the larger threat posed by the Mughal Empire and expanding Maratha power inland.
  • Maintaining Trade Links: Despite the political tensions, some level of trade continued between Maratha territories and Portuguese settlements, as both sides saw some economic benefits.

8.What reforms did Raja Ram Mohan Roy insist on?
A. Social B. Religious

Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the Father of Modern India and a prominent social reformer, advocated for several crucial reforms during his lifetime. Let’s explore the areas where he made significant contributions:

1. Social Reforms:

   • Opposition to Sati: Raja Ram Mohan Roy vehemently campaigned against the inhumane practice of sati, where widows were forced to self-immolate on their husband’s funeral pyres. His efforts led to the eventual abolition of sati.
   • Child Marriage: He worked towards raising awareness about the harmful effects of child marriages and advocated for age-appropriate marriages.
   • Social Divisions: Raja Ram Mohan Roy challenged caste-based discrimination and promoted social unity and equality.
   • Education: He emphasized the importance of education and established schools to promote modern education in India.

2. Religious Reforms:

   • Brahmo Samaj: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj, one of the earliest socio-religious reform movements in India. The Brahmo Samaj aimed to reform Hindu practices and promote rationality.
   • Critique of Idol Worship: At the age of sixteen, he wrote a rational critique of Hindu idol worship, advocating for a more philosophical and monotheistic approach.
   • Integration of Western Culture: Raja Ram Mohan Roy sought to integrate Western culture with the best aspects of Indian traditions. He believed in a harmonious blend of modernity and indigenous values.

9. Write about the contribution of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
A. social B. Political

Ans. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar's contributions spanned both social and political spheres, making him a pivotal figure in Indian history. Here's a breakdown of his significant contributions in both areas:

A. Social Reforms:

• Champion of Dalit Rights: Dr. Ambedkar dedicated his life to uplifting Dalits (formerly known as Untouchables), the most disadvantaged caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. He fought against the inhuman practice of untouchability, which subjected Dalits to social exclusion, discrimination, and violence.
• Eradication of Caste System: He believed the caste system was the root cause of social inequality in India. He advocated for its abolition and the creation of a just social order based on equality and individual merit.
• Education and Upliftment: Dr. Ambedkar emphasized education as the key to empowering Dalits. He established educational institutions and encouraged Dalits to pursue education for social mobility and progress.

B. Political Contributions:

• Framing the Indian Constitution: Dr. Ambedkar played a critical role as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution. He drew inspiration from various constitutions around the world and ensured the document enshrined principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. He is known as the "Father of the Indian Constitution" for his significant contribution.
• Protection of Minorities: He championed the rights of minorities and advocated for safeguards against discrimination based on religion, caste, and social origin. The Indian Constitution reflects his vision for an inclusive and egalitarian society.
• Political Representation: Dr. Ambedkar established the Scheduled Castes Federation, a political party to represent the interests of Dalits and other marginalized communities. He aimed to give them a voice in the political process and ensure their fair representation in government.

10. Write in detail about the armed revolutionaries in India
a) Objective of the revolutionaries b) Different organizations and their work c) Impact of armed revolutionaries on Indian Independence Movement

Ans. 
Armed Revolutionaries in India's Independence Movement

The Indian independence movement wasn't solely a non-violent struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi. A significant segment of revolutionaries believed in armed resistance against British rule.

a) Objectives of the Revolutionaries:

• End British Rule: Their primary objective was to overthrow British colonial rule and achieve complete independence for India. They viewed armed resistance as the only way to break the British hold on power.
• Awaken Nationalistic Spirit: They aimed to inspire patriotism and ignite a sense of rebellion among the Indian masses. Their actions were meant to demonstrate defiance and challenge British authority.
• Create a Psychological Impact: By targeting British officials and infrastructure, they hoped to demoralize the British and force them to the negotiating table.

b) Different Organizations and their Work:

Several revolutionary groups emerged across India, each with its own methods and strategies. Here are some prominent examples:

• Bengal:
  • Jugantar: Founded by Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Jugantar aimed to launch armed uprisings and assassinate British officials. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki were prominent members involved in acts of violence.
  • Anushilan Samiti: This organization focused on creating a network of revolutionaries and training them in guerilla warfare tactics.
• Maharashtra:
  • Shivaji's Legacy: Revolutionaries drew inspiration from Maratha leader Chhatrapati Shivaji's fight against Mughal rule. Organizations like Abhinav Bharat drew upon this legacy to promote armed resistance.

c) Impact of Armed Revolutionaries:

The armed revolutionaries had a significant impact on the Indian independence movement:

• • Psychological Impact: Their actions kept the fight for freedom alive and showed the British that Indians wouldn't submit passively.
  • International Attention: News of their activities garnered international attention to the struggle for Indian independence.
  • Inspired Non-Violent Movement: While their methods differed, the revolutionaries' dedication to freedom inspired many who participated in the non-violent movement led by Gandhi.
  • Government Repression: British authorities responded harshly to armed resistance, leading to arrests, executions, and stricter control. This further alienated the Indian population.

11. Discuss the Non violent movement led by Mahatma Gandhi
a) Champaranya Movement and Rowlatt Act b) Non Co-operation movement c) Quit India Movement

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Violent Movement: Key Milestones

Mahatma Gandhi's leadership of the Indian independence movement is synonymous with non-violent resistance, also known as Satyagraha. Here's a breakdown of three key phases of his movement:

a) Champaran Movement and Rowlatt Act (1915-1919):

• Champaran Movement (1915): Gandhi's first major intervention in India addressed the plight of indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar, who were subjected to exploitative sharecropping practices by British planters. He organized protests, undertook fact-finding missions, and pressured the British authorities to institute reforms for fairer treatment of farmers. This successful campaign established Gandhi as a national leader and demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent resistance.
• Rowlatt Act (1919): This legislation drastically curtailed civil liberties in response to growing nationalist sentiments. Gandhi strongly opposed the act, viewing it as tyrannical.

b) Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):

• A Nationwide Call: In response to the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (where British troops fired upon unarmed Indian civilians), Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. This nationwide campaign advocated for:
  • Surrender of titles: Indians were urged to return titles awarded by the British government.
  • Boycott of British institutions: This included boycotting British educational institutions, courts, and goods.
  • Peaceful protests and strikes: Non-violent demonstrations and strikes aimed to disrupt the British administration and economy.
• Khilafat Movement: Gandhi strategically aligned the Non-Cooperation Movement with the Khilafat Movement, which protested against the dismantling of the Ottoman Caliphate. This united Hindus and Muslims in a common cause.
• Suspension of the Movement: Following the violent incident at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the movement in 1922, believing that non-violence could not be maintained at that time. However, the movement had a significant impact, raising national consciousness and weakening British control.

c) Quit India Movement (1942):

• "Do or Die": In 1942, amidst World War II, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, demanding an immediate end to British rule. This movement involved mass civil disobedience, strikes, and protests across the country.
• Brutal Suppression: The British responded harshly, arresting Gandhi and other leaders and suppressing the movement with force. However, it further delegitimized British rule and solidified the demand for independence.

12. First World War -
(A) Imperialist policy (B) Immediate cause (C) Establishment of the United Nations

Ans. The First World War, also known as World War I, was a global conflict that began in 1914 and ended in 1918. It had far-reaching consequences and shaped the course of history. Let’s break down the key aspects related to its causes:

1. Imperialist Policy:

   • The war was influenced by imperialist ambitions of major European powers. Countries like Germany sought to expand their territories and assert dominance.
   • Old imperialist nations (such as Britain and France) clashed with new imperialist nations (like Germany), leading to heightened tensions.

2. Immediate Cause:

   • The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary triggered the conflict. He was killed by the Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip.
   • This event set off a chain reaction: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and their allies (including Russia, Germany, France, Belgium, and the United Kingdom) got involved.

3. Establishment of the United Nations:

   • The establishment of the United Nations occurred much later, after World War II (in 1945).
   • The United Nations aimed to promote international cooperation, prevent future wars, and address global challenges.

13. The effects of World War II on India
(A) Increase in bakery (B) Participation in war (C) The role of the National Assembly

Ans. 

14. The role of World War I and colonialism in Africa
(A) The role of the victorious nations (B) The role of Woodrow Wilsons

Ans. The First World War began in 1914. At that time except for Liberia and Ethiopia, the entire African continent was ruled by European powers. European colonies in Africa, i.e. almost the entire continent, got involuntarily involved in the war.

(A) The role of the victorious nations: Soon after the onset of the war England and France began to attack the German colonies in Africa. After the defeat of Germany in the war, allied nations began to compete with each other for occupying German colonies in Africa.

(B) The role of Woodrow Wilsons: The American President, Woodrow Wilson, considering the situation, suggested that the victorious European nations should act as trustees of the erstwhile German colonies and administer them only as protectorates. It was necessary to give the colonies internal autonomy. Hence, the ‘League of Nations’ decided with the mutual understanding that England, France and Belgium should divide the colonies among themselves in 1919. A Committee of 11 members was appointed by the ‘League’ to supervise the administration of the colonies.

15. Decolonisation of the African continent
(A) Bandung Council (B) African Unity(C) Deprivation process

Ans. 

1. Bandung Conference (Bandung Council):

   • The Bandung Conference, also known as the First Large-Scale Asian–African Conference, took place in Bandung, Indonesia from April 18 to 24, 1955.
   • It brought together representatives from Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent.
   • The conference aimed to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism and neocolonialism by any nation.
   • The Bandung Conference laid the foundation for the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War.

2. Organisation of African Unity (OAU):

   • The OAU was established on May 25, 1963, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments.
   • Key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent.
   • However, the OAU lacked an armed force like that of the United Nations, limiting its ability to enforce decisions.

3. Deprivation Process:

   • In general, deprivation refers to the removal or absence of something that is normally present and essential for mental or physical well-being.
   • In medical and scientific contexts, controlled deprivation is often used for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, researchers study the effects of sleep deprivation on human behavior, cognition, or physiological processes.

16. Write information about the Cold War.
(A) Background of the Cold War (B) Journey of the Cold War (C) Consequences of the Cold War

Ans. (A) Background of the Cold War:

• Seeds of Discontent:
  • Deep ideological differences existed between the US (democracy, capitalism) and the USSR (communism, one-party state).
  • Tensions arose during World War II regarding postwar plans and spheres of influence.
• Mutual Distrust:
  • The US viewed the Soviet Union's expansionist policies with suspicion.
  • The USSR felt threatened by the US's atomic bomb development and growing power.

(B) Journey of the Cold War:

• Iron Curtain: Following World War II, Europe was divided between a communist Eastern Bloc under Soviet influence and a democratic Western Bloc led by the US.
• Proxy Wars: The two superpowers never directly confronted each other militarily but instead supported opposing sides in numerous regional conflicts around the world (e.g., Korean War, Vietnam War).
• Arms Race: A relentless arms race fueled by fear and suspicion led to the stockpiling of nuclear weapons and the development of ever more destructive weaponry.
• Détente and Tensions: Periods of relaxation (détente) punctuated by heightened tensions marked the Cold War.

(C) Consequences of the Cold War:

• Global Impact: The Cold War cast a long shadow over international relations, impacting economies, societies, and military strategies worldwide.
• Nuclear Threat: The constant threat of nuclear war loomed large throughout the period.
• End of the Cold War: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the formal end of the Cold War.

17. Write information about the Cold War.
(A) The Berlin Wall (B) The disintegration of Russia (C) Consequences of the Cold War

Ans. (A) The Berlin Wall

18. Write the contact information.
(A) Postal Service (B) Speed Post Stamp

Ans. 

• (A) Postal Service:

  This website allows you to: * Find a specific post office location and its contact details (phone number, address, hours) * Track and manage your packages * Get help with various postal services

• (B) Speed Post Stamp:

  Speed Post is a service offered by some postal services internationally, but not necessarily by the United States Postal Service (USPS).

  If you're interested in Speed Post specifically, you'll need to find out which postal service offers it in your country. Their website would likely have information on purchasing Speed Post stamps.

  In the US, services similar to Speed Post might be offered under names like Priority Mail or Priority Mail Express. You can find information on these on the USPS website mentioned above.

19. Write the information under the Right to Information Act.
(A) How this movement started in India.(B) Interpretation of law (C) Rights of citizens

Ans. (A) How this movement started in India: The Right to Information movement involved years of advocacy by activists and civil society groups to enshrine the right to information in law.

(B) Interpretation of law: There are legal interpretations and case laws associated with the RTI Act, but these are more technical details.

(C) Rights of Citizens:

The Right to Information Act empowers Indian citizens with the right to access information under the control of public authorities. This includes:

• Information relating to the affairs of the government: This covers various aspects like policies, plans, and decision-making processes.
• Records held by public authorities: Citizens can request access to documents, files, and data held by government departments, ministries, and other public bodies.
• Reasonably connected to any person: This allows individuals to request information that might directly affect them.

20. Write information about primary education.
(A) DPEP program (B) School nutrition diet(C) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

Ans. 

1. District Primary Education Programme (DPEP):

   • The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP), launched in 1994, is a centrally-sponsored scheme aimed at revitalizing the primary education system in India. Its objectives include universal access, retention, improved learning achievement, and reducing disparities among social groups.
   • DPEP adopts an “area-specific approach” with districts as planning units, ensuring sensitivity to local conditions and community participation.
   • Key strategies involve strengthening national, state, and district institutions, providing additional inputs beyond existing provisions, and enhancing school infrastructure.
   • The first phase covered districts in states like Assam, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Madhya Pradesh.

2. School Nutrition Diet (SNF@SCHOOL):

   • The SNF@SCHOOL initiative focuses on promoting healthy eating patterns among children in schools.
   • Objectives:
     • Create Health and Wellness Coordinators (SHWC) in each school.
     • Deliver messages about safe and nutritious food through curricular and co-curricular activities.
     • Strengthen legislative and regulatory frameworks for safe and wholesome food in schools.
   • SHWC responsibilities include baseline nutrition assessment, designing monthly SNF engagement plans, and ensuring compliance with SNF guidelines.

3. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA):

   • SSA, also known as the Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE), is an Indian government program launched in 2001.
   • Goals:
     • Provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14.
     • Cover 200 million children in 1.1 million habitations.
     • Focus on universal access and quality improvement in elementary education.