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Civil Engineering Test - 3
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  • Question 1
    2 / -0.66

    If the per capita contribution of suspended solids and BOD is 90 gm and 55 gm, find the population equivalents of

    1. A combined system serving 1000 persons and having 75 gm per capita daily of BOD.

    2. 40,000 litres daily of industrial wastewater containing 1800 mg/l of suspended solids. Respectively,

    Solution

    Concept: 

    Population equivalent (PE) or unit per capita loading. or equivalent person (EP). is a parameter for characterizing industrial wastewaters. It essentially compares the polluting potential of industry (in terms of biodegradable organic matter) with a population (or a certain number of people), which would produce the same polluting load. In other words, it is the number expressing the ratio of the sum of the pollution load produced during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to the individual pollution load in household sewage produced by one person at the same time.

    Population equivalent of BOD

  • Question 2
    2 / -0.66

    Consider the following statements.

    1. Hydraulic gradient required to initiate " quick" condition is independent of the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids in a soil mass. 

    2. Initiation of piping under hydraulic structures can be prevented by increasing the length of flow path of water.

    3. Seepage pressure is independent of the coefficient permeability.

    Solution

    Explanation:

    • The void ratio can be defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids. Hence indirectly it is asking that hydraulic gradient to initiate quicksand condition is independent of void ratio(e). But the hydraulic gradient required to initiate the quicksand condition is called as a critical hydraulic gradient(icr).

    Hence hydraulic gradient depends on the void ratio.

    • There are a few methods through which we can prevent piping failure.

    Increasing the path of flow:

    We know the hydraulic gradient is head loss over the length of the flow. We can see in a dam it is difficult to decrease the head loss but we have control over the length of the flow over which it is percolating.

    If we increase the length of the flow, the hydraulic gradient will decrease and that also causes to decrease in the exit gradient. We can increase the length of flow so that the exit gradient becomes well below the critical hydraulic gradient and the structure will be safe.

    • Seepage pressure is independent of the coefficient permeability. Seepage pressure at any point can be given as,

    Where, hL = head loss at that point

  • Question 3
    2 / -0.66

    In a certain irrigation project and in a given year, 72% and 56% of the culturable command area remained unirrigated in Kharif and Rabi season, then the intensity of irrigation for that year and for that project, will be

    Solution

    Concept

    Given, 72% of area during kharif remained without water

    i.e. (100 – 72 %) = 28% of area got irrigated during Kharif

    And 56% of area during Rabi remained without water

    i.e. (100 – 56%) = 44% of area got irrigated during Rabi

    ∴ Intensity of Irrigation (I.O.I) is the area of land irrigated

    ∴ I.O.I = 28% + 44 % = 72%

  • Question 4
    2 / -0.66

    A cantilever beam AB of length ‘l’ and subjected to a U.D.L. of intensity ‘w’ KN/m over a length ‘b’ is over a in the figure. If EI is constant, then what is the deflection at C?

    Solution

    Explanation

  • Question 5
    2 / -0.66

    A steel bar is subjected to an axial pull of 84 kN. Stress-induced into the bar is 140 N/mm2. If Young's modulus is 2 x 105 N/mm2, then the longitudinal strain produced will be

    Solution

  • Question 6
    2 / -0.66

    Which one of the following is correct ILD for the Shear force just left to 'C' as shown in the figure.

    Solution

    Concept:

    According to Muller Breslau's principle, ILD of any stress function is the deflected shape of the structure after removal of stress function and applying unit displacement in the positive direction of stress function.

    For shear force-

    The deflected lines must be parallel as they were initially as shown in the figure.

    The initial angle between them should be equal to the final angle.

    Given data and Analysis-

    As per the provide figure, use a guided roller just left to c and apply unit displacement.

    Both the span has to be parallel as the initial angle between them is zero.

    So ILD will be as shown in the figure.

  • Question 7
    2 / -0.66

    A rectangular column 300 x 550 mm effective is reinforced with 4 – 32 mm & 2 – 16 mm diameter bars. Lateral ties of diameter ______ should be provided at a spacing of  ________.

    Solution

    Concept:

    As per IS 456

    Tie diameter (Φt) = Maximum {(ΦL, maxΦL, max \ over 4), 6 mm}

    Spacing (S) = Minimum {LLD, 300 mm, 16ΦL,min}

    Where,

    ΦL,max = Maximum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement.

    ΦL,min = Minimum diameter of longitudinal reinforcement.

    LLD = Least lateral dimension

    Calculation:

    Given,

    b = 300 mm, d = 550 mm, Φ­L,max = 32 mm, ΦL,min = 16 mm, LLD = b = 300 mm

    Φt = max {32/4 = 8 mm, 6 mm}

    Φt = 8 mm.

    S = min {300 mm, 300 mm, 16 x 16 = 256 mm}

    S = 256 mm.

  • Question 8
    2 / -0.66

    What is the ratio of the shape factors for beam cross-sections having rectangular, circular and triangular shapes and of same area?

    Solution

    Concept:

    Shape factors of different shape:

    Section

    Shape Factor

    Rectangular

    1.5

    Circular

    1.7

    Triangular

    2.34

    Calculation:

  • Question 9
    2 / -0.66

    Consider the following statements:

    In the water supply distribution network,

    1) The gridiron system requires more lengths of pipelines and a larger number of cut-off valves.

    2)  Employing a gridiron system, Repair works can be easily done without affecting the other users.

    3) In a dead-end system, the pressure is almost constant and very high at remote parts.

    4) Dead end system requires less number of cut-off valves and more number of & scour valves.

    Which of these statements are correct?

    Solution

    Concept:

    Dead End Water Distribution System:

    Dead end system, the name itself defines that it contains dead ends in the pipe system. So, the water does not flow continuously in the dead-end system. In this system, the whole pipe network is divided into several subnetworks. These are namely main line, sub mains, branch lines and service connections. Firstly, one main line is laid through the centre of the city or area. Sub mains are laid on both sides of the main line and then sub mains are divided into branch lines from which service connections are given. At every starting point of the sub-main line, a cut-off valve is provided to regulate the flow during repair works etc. On the whole, this network diagram will look like a tree shape, so it is also called a tree system. This type of system is used mostly for the olden cities which are built in an irregular manner without any planning. Nowadays, this system is not preferable.

    Advantages of Dead-End System:

    • Pipes in this network can be laid easily.
    • The pressure and discharge in each pipe can be determined very easily and accurately which makes design calculations very simple.
    • The diameters of pipes of main, sub mains and branches can be designed based on the required demand of the population. So, the cost of the project can be reduced.
    • Dead end system requires a smaller number of cutoff valves.

    Disadvantage:

    • The pressure is not constant and is very less at remote parts.
    • Because of dead ends water stagnation takes place which results in the deposition of sediment. To remove these sediments, a greater number of scouring valves are to be provided at the dead ends which increases the economy.
    • If there is any damage occurs in the branch line, the whole portion should be stopped to repair that which creates discomfort to the other users in that sub main line.
    • In this system, Limited discharge is available for firefighting.

    Grid Iron Water Distribution System:

    Gridiron system also contains main lines, sub mains and branch lines. But in this system, dead ends are eliminated by interconnecting all the lines. Hence, the water flows continuously in this system without stagnating. So, this system is also called an interlaced system or reticulation system. It is more suitable for well-planned cities.

    Advantages of Grid Iron System

    • Water will flow continuously without any dead ends or sediment deposits.
    • Head loss is minimum in this case because of the interconnection of pipes.
    • The discharge will meet the required discharge for firefighting.
    • Repair works can be easily done just by closing the cutoff valve in that line which does not affect the other users.

    Disadvantages

    • Because of circulating flow from all directions, the pipes used in this system should be of large diameters and longer lengths.
    • We cannot determine the accurate discharge, velocity or pressure in a particular pipe. So, design is difficult.
    • Laying of pipes will be done by skilled workers which consumes more cost.
    • Cutoff valves required should be more in this system.
  • Question 10
    2 / -0.66

    The integral  is evaluated using Simpson rule on two equal intervals with length 1.

    Solution

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