ISC Class 12th Exam Political Science 2024 : Most Important Question with Solution for Last-Minute Revision

ISC Class 12 exams have started and you have very little time left for the Political Science exam. Therefore, we are providing important multiple-choice questions in this article. You can study them well and score well in your exams.

To help you prepare effectively, we have prepared a list of important multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with detailed explanations. This guide aims to make your exam preparation easier by providing information on these questions.

Multiple choice questions are a common format in competitive exams including ISC Class 12 Political Science exam. By practicing MCQs, you not only reinforce your knowledge but also learn to apply it effectively.

These questions cover various topics from the Political Science syllabus. Remember, it is important to understand the logic behind each answer to score well.

ISC Class 12th Political Science Exam 2024 Most Important Question

SECTION A

Question 1

(i) Which of the following forms of government upholds the complete dominance of a single party and single leadership?
(a) Liberal Democratic State
(b) Constitutional Monarchy
(c) Federal State
(d) Totalitarian State

Ans: (d) Totalitarian State

(ii) Assertion: In a Parliamentary form of government, the real executive is a sub-set of the legislature.
Reason: The Prime Minister/Chancellor and members of their cabinet are members of parliament
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false and Reason is true

Ans: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

(iii) In the 73^rd Amendment Act of the Indian constitution, the focus is on ___________.
(a) centralisation of powers
(b) division of powers
(c) separation of powers
(d) decentralisation of powers

Ans: (d) decentralisation of powers

(iv) Which of the following is a key aspect of federalism that does not exist in the Indian Constitution?
(a) Independent judiciary
(b) Written constitution
(c) Dual citizenship
(d) Bicameralism

Ans: (c) Dual citizenship

(v) A __________ constitution is immune to statutory encroachments and requires a rigorous process to make amendments to any law or provision.

Ans: Rigid

(vi) As per the Constitution of the United States, the __________ has the ultimate power to act as a court of impeachment against the President.

Ans: House of Representatives (Lower House)

(vii) __________ are instructions given to the State by the Indian Constitution that are non-justiciable in nature.

Ans: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

(viii) _____________ means the love for one’s area of living or a particular region to which one belongs.

Ans: Regionalism

(ix) State whether the following are True or False:

(a) In the K.S. Puttuswamy judgement, the Supreme Court of India held that the Right to Privacy was integral to freedoms guaranteed across various Fundamental Rights. Thus, this case can be taken as an example of the Court exercising its power of judicial review.

Ans: True

(b) The Directive Principle of promoting justice and providing free legal aid to the poor comes under the Gandhian classification. 

Ans: False

(c) Permanent executive consists of civil servants who are responsible and accountable to the people of the country.

Ans: True

(d) 10-25 directly elected members from all the constituencies falling within the area covered by the Zila Parishad form one category of its members.

Ans: True

(x) Answer the following questions in one word / phrase:

(a) The feature of the Indian State whereby the position of the head of the State is not hereditary.

Ans: Republic

(b) A feeling of spiritual and psychological unity specified in the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

Ans: Fraternity

(c) The power of the Supreme Court to determine constitutional validity of all laws of the legislature and orders of the executive.

Ans: Judicial Review

(d) A system where a candidate with the highest number of votes is declared the winner of a constituency.

Ans: First-past-the-post (FPTP)

SECTION B

Question 2. Compare the amendment procedures of the Constitutions of Great Britain and the USA.

Ans: The amendment procedures of the Constitutions of Great Britain and the USA differ significantly in terms of their processes and requirements. While the USA has a formal and rigid amendment process, the UK's Constitution is flexible and largely unwritten.

In the USA, the process of amending the Constitution is outlined in Article V of the Constitution. To propose an amendment, two-thirds of both the House of Representatives and the Senate must vote in favor of it. Alternatively, a constitutional convention can be called by two-thirds of state legislatures. Once proposed, an amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of state legislatures or by conventions in three-fourths of states. This process is deliberate and difficult, requiring significant consensus among states and the federal government.

In contrast, the UK's Constitution is not codified in a single document and is based on statutes, conventions, and authoritative texts. Amendments to the UK Constitution can be made through Acts of Parliament, which only require a simple majority in the House of Commons and House of Lords. This flexibility allows for easier adaptation to changing circumstances but also means that constitutional changes can be made relatively easily and without the need for broad consensus.

Another key difference is that the US Constitution contains a Bill of Rights, which outlines specific rights that are protected from infringement by the government. Amending these rights requires a high level of consensus, ensuring that fundamental freedoms are not easily changed. In the UK, there is no formal Bill of Rights, and rights are protected through statutes and common law, making them more susceptible to change through ordinary legislative processes.

Additionally, the US Constitution has been amended 27 times since its ratification in 1789, demonstrating the difficulty of amending it. In contrast, the UK Constitution has undergone significant changes through Acts of Parliament, such as the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, which altered the relationship between the House of Commons and House of Lords.

In conclusion, the amendment procedures of the Constitutions of Great Britain and the USA reflect their respective historical contexts and values. The USA's rigid and formal process emphasizes the importance of consensus and protects fundamental rights, while the UK's flexible and informal process allows for easier adaptation to changing circumstances.

Question 3. Give any four arguments that reflect the reasons for which the Universal Adult Franchise is appreciated universally.

Ans: 

1. In democracy, power lies within the hands of the people. That’s why on the basis of equality, every one should have the right to vote.
2. The impact of laws is same on all the citizens. That’s why all the citizens must have the right to vote.
3. The right to vote is very much necessary for individual development.
4. The government elected through adult franchise is more powerful because it is a type of government which is elected through the constitutional means.
5. Adult franchise encourages political consciousness and people get political education with adult franchise.

Question 4. (i) The Supreme Court is the apex court both in India and the USA. Keeping in view the given statement, state any four differences between the Original Jurisdiction of both the countries.

Ans: The Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in India and the United States of America exhibits several key differences. Here are four major distinctions:

1. Constitutional Basis:

   • India: The Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in India is primarily governed by Article 131 of the Indian Constitution, which deals with disputes between the Government of India and one or more States or between States. It also covers disputes related to the enforcement of fundamental rights against the State.
   • USA: In contrast, the Original Jurisdiction of the US Supreme Court is outlined in Article III, Section 2 of the US Constitution. It grants the Court original jurisdiction in cases involving ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls, and cases in which a state is a party.

2. Scope of Jurisdiction:

   • India: The Indian Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction extends to disputes between the Union of India and one or more States or between States, which are specifically mentioned in Article 131. It does not cover cases involving private parties or non-state entities.
   • USA: The US Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction is more limited and includes cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party. It does not cover disputes between states, which are typically resolved by the Court through its appellate jurisdiction.

3. Nature of Cases:

   • India: In India, the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court often involves disputes of a federal nature, such as disputes over the distribution of powers between the Union and the States or disputes between States regarding boundaries or other matters.
   • USA: The Original Jurisdiction of the US Supreme Court primarily involves cases with a diplomatic or interstate nature, such as disputes between states or cases involving foreign diplomats.

4. Procedure and Appeal:

   • India: Decisions made by the Supreme Court in its Original Jurisdiction are final and cannot be appealed. However, the Court can refer questions of law to a larger bench for consideration.
   • USA: In the US, the Supreme Court's decisions in cases within its Original Jurisdiction can be appealed to the Court, but only in a limited manner. The Court's decisions are typically final in cases involving foreign diplomats.

Question 5. (i) The Presidential system is based on an unambiguous Separation of Powers. Explain two features of this system.

Ans: The Presidential system of government, often associated with countries like the United States, is characterized by its clear separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This separation is designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to ensure a system of checks and balances. Two key features of the Presidential system that illustrate this separation of powers are the distinct roles and functions of each branch and the method of selecting the chief executive.

Firstly, in a Presidential system, the executive branch, led by the President, is separate from the legislative branch, which consists of the Congress or Parliament. The President is typically elected by the people or an electoral college for a fixed term and is not directly accountable to the legislature. This separation ensures that the executive can act independently of the legislature, making decisions based on the best interests of the country rather than political expediency. The President has the authority to veto legislation passed by Congress, further demonstrating the independence of the executive branch.

Secondly, the judicial branch in a Presidential system is also separate and independent from the executive and legislative branches. The judiciary is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring their constitutionality. Judges are typically appointed for life or a long term, insulating them from political pressure. This separation of powers ensures that the judiciary can act as a check on the other branches, ensuring that they do not overstep their bounds or violate the constitution.

Another key feature of the Presidential system is the method of selecting the chief executive, which is usually through a direct election by the people or an electoral college. This contrasts with parliamentary systems where the chief executive is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature. This method of selection gives the President a unique mandate from the people, further enhancing their independence from the legislature.

Question 6. Elaborate on the two words that were added to the Preamble to the Constitution of India by the 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976.

Ans: The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 made significant changes to the Preamble of the Constitution of India. It added the words "Socialist" and "Secular" to the Preamble, expanding the vision and goals of the Indian Constitution.

1. Socialist: The term "Socialist" was added to reflect the commitment of the Indian state to secure social, economic, and political justice for all its citizens. It emphasizes the goal of creating an egalitarian society where wealth and resources are distributed equitably. The addition of "Socialist" to the Preamble aligns with the Directive Principles of State Policy, which call for the state to strive towards a socialist society by reducing inequalities of income, status, and opportunities.

2. Secular: The term "Secular" was added to affirm the principle of religious neutrality and the separation of religion from the state. It signifies the state's impartiality towards all religions and its commitment to ensuring religious freedom for all citizens. The addition of "Secular" to the Preamble reflects India's diverse religious landscape and its commitment to maintaining communal harmony and respecting the right of individuals to practice their faith freely.

These two words, "Socialist" and "Secular," were added to the Preamble to emphasize the foundational principles of the Indian Constitution. They underscore the values of equality, justice, and fraternity that form the bedrock of Indian democracy. The addition of these words was a reaffirmation of the founding fathers' vision of a democratic, socialist, secular republic that guarantees liberty, equality, and justice for all its citizens.

Question 7. Describe the different types of Justice that the Preamble to the Indian Constitution seeks to secure to all its citizens.

Ans: The Preamble to the Indian Constitution outlines the objectives and aims of the Constitution, including the types of justice it seeks to secure for all citizens. It emphasizes the principles of justice—social, economic, and political—along with liberty, equality, and fraternity. Let's delve into each type of justice mentioned in the Preamble:

1. Social Justice: Social justice refers to the fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within society. It aims to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances, have equal access to resources and opportunities. The Preamble seeks to secure social justice by promoting equality of status and opportunity and by striving to eliminate inequalities based on caste, religion, race, sex, or place of birth.

2. Economic Justice: Economic justice is about ensuring that all individuals have the means to meet their basic needs and participate fully in society. It involves fair distribution of wealth, resources, and opportunities to reduce poverty and ensure a decent standard of living for all citizens. The Preamble seeks to secure economic justice by promoting equal pay for equal work, equitable distribution of resources, and the elimination of economic inequalities.

3. Political Justice: Political justice refers to the fair and equal treatment of all individuals in the political sphere. It includes the right to participate in the political process, freedom of speech and expression, and the right to a fair trial. The Preamble seeks to secure political justice by establishing a democratic form of government, guaranteeing fundamental rights, and ensuring the rule of law.

4. Liberty: Liberty is the freedom to act and think as one chooses, as long as it does not infringe on the rights of others. The Preamble seeks to secure liberty by guaranteeing certain fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, expression, and belief, and by establishing a democratic form of government that respects individual freedoms.

5. Equality: Equality refers to the state of being equal in status, rights, and opportunities. The Preamble seeks to secure equality by promoting equal access to resources and opportunities, eliminating discrimination based on caste, religion, race, sex, or place of birth, and ensuring equal protection under the law.

6. Fraternity: Fraternity refers to a sense of brotherhood and solidarity among all citizens. It emphasizes the importance of unity and mutual respect in a diverse society. The Preamble seeks to secure fraternity by promoting harmony among all citizens and by fostering a spirit of unity and integration.

Question 8. Elaborate on any four functions of the Municipal Corporation.

Ans: The Municipal Corporation plays a crucial role in the functioning of urban areas, providing various essential services and maintaining civic infrastructure. Here are four key functions of the Municipal Corporation:

1. Urban Planning and Development: One of the primary functions of the Municipal Corporation is urban planning and development. This includes planning for land use, zoning regulations, and infrastructure development. The corporation is responsible for ensuring that the city's growth is sustainable and that adequate infrastructure is in place to support the needs of its residents. This involves preparing master plans, development plans, and zoning regulations to guide growth and development in a systematic manner.

2. Public Health and Sanitation: The Municipal Corporation is responsible for maintaining public health and sanitation in the city. This includes providing clean drinking water, managing sewage and waste disposal, controlling pollution, and ensuring the cleanliness of public spaces. The corporation also carries out programs to control vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue. By providing these services, the corporation helps in improving the overall health and well-being of the city's residents.

3. Roads and Infrastructure: Another important function of the Municipal Corporation is the development and maintenance of roads and other civic infrastructure. This includes constructing and maintaining roads, bridges, and flyovers, as well as providing street lighting and signage. The corporation is also responsible for maintaining parks, playgrounds, and other public spaces. By ensuring the proper maintenance of these facilities, the corporation contributes to the overall quality of life in the city.

4. Waste Management: Waste management is a critical function of the Municipal Corporation. This includes the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste generated in the city. The corporation is also responsible for promoting waste segregation and recycling to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. Proper waste management not only helps in keeping the city clean but also contributes to environmental sustainability.

Question 9. State any four measures that can be taken to strengthen the Indian democracy.

Ans: (i) Decentralisation of authority should take place. Based on separation of powers. power should be decentralised at the local level. It would make the government more responsive to the needs of the people.
(ii) Political parties using caste. religion. violence and separatism as vote-bank factors should be banned.
(iii) Right to Information (RTI) Act should be strengthened so that the rule of law should be implemented realistically.
(iv) It is said that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty It means that people should always be alert to preserve their freedom. For this. it is essential to have an enlightened public opinion. Agencies like mass media. political parties, educational institutions and pressure groups should help in the generation of public opinion. Curbs on any agency would act as a hindrance in the development of sound public opinion which is essential for the smooth functioning of democracy.
(v) Mass media like TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and journals should play an important role in strengthening the freedom of people by spreading awareness and enlightenment and keeping the government on its toes by pointing out its loopholes.

SECTION C

Question 10. Indian Constitution is characterised as having both federal and unitary features. Elaborate on any two features of each type.

Ans: The Indian Constitution is often described as having both federal and unitary features, making it unique in its design. This blend is a result of the historical, social, and political context in which it was framed. Here, we'll elaborate on two features of each type:

Federal Features:

1. Division of Powers: One of the fundamental federal features of the Indian Constitution is the division of powers between the central government and the state governments. The Constitution clearly outlines the powers that are exclusive to the central government, those that are exclusive to the state governments, and those that are concurrent, i.e., shared between both levels of government.

   For example, under Article 246, the Union List contains subjects such as defense, foreign affairs, and banking, which are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government. The State List, on the other hand, contains subjects like police, public health, and agriculture, which are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the state governments. Concurrent List includes subjects like education, forests, and criminal law, where both the central and state governments can make laws.

   This division of powers ensures that both the central and state governments have the authority to legislate on matters that directly concern them, thus providing a degree of autonomy to the states within the federal structure.

2. Bicameral Legislature: Another federal feature of the Indian Constitution is its bicameral legislature at the Union level. The Parliament consists of two houses—the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Lok Sabha is directly elected by the people, representing the federal character of the Constitution, as it reflects the will of the people at the national level.

   The Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, represents the states of the Indian federation. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies, thus ensuring that the states have a voice at the national level. This bicameral legislature reflects the federal nature of the Indian Constitution by providing representation to both the people and the states in the legislative process at the national level.

Unitary Features:

1. Integrated Judiciary: The Indian Constitution provides for a single integrated judiciary for the entire country, unlike some federal systems where there may be separate state and federal court systems. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country and has jurisdiction over both central and state matters.

   The Constitution also provides for the establishment of High Courts in each state, which have jurisdiction over matters within their respective states. However, the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and to adjudicate disputes between the central government and the state governments or between two or more states, making it a unitary feature.

2. Emergency Provisions: The Indian Constitution contains provisions for the declaration of three types of emergencies—national emergency, state emergency (President's Rule), and financial emergency. During a national emergency, the central government gains significant powers, including the authority to make laws on subjects that fall under the State List.

   This centralization of power during emergencies is a unitary feature of the Constitution, as it allows for the central government to temporarily assume greater control over the administration of the country, thus overriding the normal federal distribution of powers.

Question 11. Study the image given below and answer the questions that follow: 

(i) Which house of the Indian Parliament does it reflect? How do the citizens of India choose their representatives to this House?

Ans: The house of the Indian Parliament that reflects the concept of "Live and Let Live" is the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of Parliament.

Citizens of India choose their representatives to the Lok Sabha through direct elections. Every Indian citizen who is 18 years of age or older is eligible to vote in these elections. The country is divided into electoral constituencies, and each constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) to the Lok Sabha. The MP represents the people of their constituency in the Parliament.

(ii) Describe any three powers of this house.

Ans: The Parliament House in India is the supreme legislative body of the country, consisting of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). It possesses several powers that are essential for the functioning of a democratic system. Here, we will discuss three key powers of the Parliament House:

1. Legislative Powers:

   • Law-making: The primary function of Parliament is to make laws. Bills can be introduced in either house of Parliament, and after being passed by both houses and receiving the President's assent, they become laws. This process ensures that laws are made by representatives of the people, reflecting their will and addressing their needs.
   • Amendment of the Constitution: Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution. Constitutional amendments can be initiated only in Parliament and require a special majority for passage. This power allows Parliament to adapt the Constitution to changing times and circumstances.
   • Budgetary Powers: Parliament has the exclusive power to approve the government's budget. The Annual Financial Statement, commonly known as the Budget, is presented in Parliament, and after discussions and voting, it is passed. This ensures that the government's financial activities are subject to parliamentary scrutiny and approval.

2. Executive Powers:

   • Control over the Executive: Parliament exercises control over the executive branch of the government. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Members of Parliament can question the government, participate in debates, and move motions of no confidence, holding the executive accountable.
   • Appointment and Removal of the President and Vice-President: Parliament has the power to elect the President and Vice-President of India. The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment, which involves charges being framed by one house and the other house conducting the trial.
   • Ratification of Treaties and International Agreements: International treaties and agreements are ratified by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers. However, certain treaties require parliamentary approval, ensuring that significant international commitments are made with parliamentary oversight.

3. Financial Powers:

   • Taxation and Public Expenditure: Parliament has the power to levy taxes and approve government expenditure. Taxation laws are enacted by Parliament, specifying the rates and rules for taxation. The government cannot collect taxes or spend money without parliamentary approval.
   • Audit and Control over Public Funds: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India audits all receipts and expenditure of the government. The audit reports are submitted to the President, who causes them to be laid before Parliament. This ensures transparency and accountability in the use of public funds.
   • Contingency Fund and Public Accounts: Parliament authorizes the creation of the Contingency Fund of India and the Public Accounts of India. Withdrawals from these funds require parliamentary approval, ensuring that emergency expenses are also subject to parliamentary oversight.

Question 12. (i) Enumerate any four Legislative powers of the Indian President.

Ans: The President of India, as the head of state, possesses several legislative powers outlined in the Constitution. Here are four key legislative powers of the Indian President:

1. Summoning and Proroguing of Parliament: The President has the authority to summon both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and to prorogue them. Summoning refers to calling a session of Parliament to meet, while proroguing means ending a session. The President also has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha, but only on the advice of the Prime Minister.

2. Addressing Parliament: The President addresses both Houses of Parliament at the beginning of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. This address is known as the Presidential Address and outlines the government's policies and programs for the upcoming year. It provides an opportunity for the President to highlight key issues and challenges facing the nation.

3. Dissolution of Lok Sabha: As mentioned earlier, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha, but only on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The dissolution of the Lok Sabha leads to the calling of fresh elections. However, the President cannot dissolve the Lok Sabha if a no-confidence motion against the government is pending or has been passed.

4. Assent to Bills: The President has the power to grant or withhold assent to bills passed by Parliament. When a bill is passed by both Houses of Parliament, it is sent to the President for his assent. The President can either give his assent, in which case the bill becomes law, or withhold his assent, in which case the bill does not become law. The President can also return a bill, other than a money bill, for reconsideration, along with his recommendations. If Parliament passes the bill again, with or without incorporating the President's recommendations, the President must give his assent.

Question 13. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

An incident involving an undergraduate student belonging to the Dalit community was reported by a newspaper. This student had gone to a local restaurant for lunch in a village and was denied entry by the restaurant’s staff. The incident brought to light similar other restrictions followed by some restaurants in the village. Few restaurants also have a separate seating arrangement for the Dalit members of the community.

(i) Identify the Fundamental Right violated in the above case. Which Part of the Constitution contains this Fundamental Right?

Ans: In the given scenario, the following Fundamental Right is violated:

Right to Equality (Article 14 - Equality before Law)

This right is enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution.

• Article 14 guarantees that everyone is equal before the law and enjoys equal protection within the territory of India.
• This incident violates the principle of equality as the student was denied entry solely based on their caste, which is discriminatory and prohibited by the Constitution.

(ii) Briefly discuss the provision of the Fundamental Right that has been violated in the case given above

Ans: In the scenario described, the fundamental right violated is Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution. This article prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of caste, religion, race, sex, or place of birth.

Here's a breakdown:

• Denial of entry: Refusing service solely based on the student's caste is blatant discrimination.
• Separate seating: Creating segregated spaces reinforces social exclusion and violates the right to equality.

Therefore, the act of denying entry and imposing separate seating solely due to the student's caste infringes upon their fundamental right to equality enshrined in Article 15(2).

(iii) Briefly explain the Fundamental Right and any two writs of the Constitution that enable the student to restore the Fundamental Right that has been violated.

Ans: The Fundamental Rights are a set of rights guaranteed to the citizens of India by the Constitution. They are essential for the development of individuals and the nation as a whole. One of the most important Fundamental Rights relevant to the incident described is the Right to Equality, which prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

Two writs of the Constitution that can be used by the student to restore the Fundamental Right that has been violated are:

1. Writ of Habeas Corpus: This writ is used to ensure the release of a person who has been unlawfully detained or imprisoned. While not directly applicable in this case, it is an example of how the legal system can be used to protect individual rights.

2. Writ of Mandamus: This writ is used to compel a public official or body to perform a duty that they are legally required to perform. In this case, the student could use this writ to compel the restaurant to allow entry without discrimination based on caste.

By approaching the court and filing a petition under the writ of Mandamus, the student can seek the court's direction to the restaurant to stop discriminatory practices and ensure equal treatment for all customers. Additionally, the student can seek damages for the violation of their Fundamental Right to Equality.

It is important to note that while the Constitution provides these rights and remedies, the effectiveness of these legal tools depends on the judicial process and the commitment of the authorities to uphold the rule of law and protect the rights of all citizens.

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ISC Class 12 Study Material