Hindi English Translation || Editorial || Growing epidemic: On diabetes and India

Growing epidemic: On diabetes and India

India has to scale up (बढ़ाना, विस्तार करना) diagnosis to meet the 2030 WHO target for diabetes

From around 200 million in 1990, the number of people with diabetes has quadrupled (चौगुना) globally to over 800 million in 2022 while the global diabetes prevalence (प्रचलन, प्रसार) in adults rose from 7% to 14% between 1990 and 2022, as in data released in The Lancet (a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is among the world’s oldest and best-known general medical journals) on November 13. At 212 million, India has the highest number of people with diabetes as against China’s prevalence of 148 million. India also topped (be at the highest place/rank in a list) the list of countries with 133 million people over the age of 30 years with untreated diabetes as against 78 million in China. One reason for the steep (तीव्र, तेज़) increase in the number of those with diabetes was the methodology used for pooling (combine, merge, join, put together) and analysing the data — being on medication (a drug/medicine used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease) for diabetes, or having a fasting plasma glucose of 7·0 mmol/L or more, or an HbA1c of 6·5% or more. Unlike earlier studies that mostly relied on elevated fasting plasma glucose or other single-biomarker data (biological information about an organism that comes from a single biomarker, or a measurable characteristic of the body), the analysis by the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (गैर-संचारी रोग जोखिम कारक सहयोग) with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) (विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन) included people whose fasting plasma glucose or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was elevated. Taking into account elevated (increased, raised) fasting plasma glucose alone without including those with elevated glycated haemoglobin (a form of hemoglobin (Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar. A hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test is a blood test that shows what your average blood sugar (glucose) level was over the past two to three months), the study notes, misses out many people with diabetes, particularly in south Asia. That diabetes prevalence in India has increased in the last three decades (दशक) is beyond doubt even if the absolute (पूर्ण, निरपेक्ष) numbers are contested (प्रतियोगिता करना, चुनौती देना).

While consumption of unhealthy food, particularly high-calorie foods rich (large, huge, plentiful, abundant) in carbohydrates and saturated fat (a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. The most common sources of saturated fats are meats and dairy products. Eating saturated fat increases the level of cholesterol in the blood and the risk of heart disease), and a sedentary (desk-bound, inactive, stationary) lifestyle are two major controllable risk factors for diabetes, the role of tobacco in causing diabetes has not been highlighted (उजागर करना, प्रमुख बनाना) sufficiently. According to a November 2023 WHO report, there is overwhelming (very large, huge, very strong, massive, profound) evidence that cigarette smoking raises the risk of developing diabetes by 30%-40% compared with those who do not smoke. Nicotine, the addictive substance in tobacco, impairs (क्षति पहुंचाना) the function and amount of insulin (a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It’s made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating. Insulin helps glucose enter the body’s cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for future use) producing beta cells (cells in the pancreas that produce and release the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar levels), thereby (as a result of that) affecting insulin production and regulation (नियंत्रण) of glucose production, which together play an important role in the onset (start, beginning, arrival) of diabetes. Nicotine also induces insulin resistance (Insulin resistance is when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t easily take up glucose from your blood. As a result, your pancreas makes more insulin to help glucose enter your cells), another factor causing diabetes. Besides (apart from, other than, barring, excluding) sharply lowering the risk of diabetes, avoiding tobacco in all forms is associated (link, connect, relate) with a reduced risk of cardiovascular (relating to the heart and blood vessels) disease and mortality ((in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death; death, loss of life) in people with diabetes. The role of managing gestational (relating to the period of time between conception and birth; during pregnancy) diabetes in reducing the risk of both mother and child developing diabetes at a later date cannot be overemphasised (overstress, exaggerate, overdo, overplay, overdramatize). With 133 million people remaining undiagnosed (not diagnosed; (diagnose means identify the nature and cause of an illness/condition by examination)), India has to rapidly scale up diagnosis to meet the 2030 WHO target for diabetes — 80% of people with diabetes are diagnosed and 80% of people with diagnosed diabetes have good control of glycaemia (the concentration of sugar or glucose in the blood).

Courtesy: The Hindu

Important Word List With Meaning

1.growing (adjective)

Hindi Meaning - बढ़ता हुआ
English Meaning - increasing.

2.epidemic (noun)

Hindi Meaning - महामारी
English Meaning - a sudden disease outbreak that affects a large number of people in a particular region, community, or population.

3.scale up (phrasal verb)

Hindi Meaning - बढ़ाना, विस्तार करना
English Meaning - step up, boost, escalate; increase, expand.

4.World Health Organization (WHO) (noun)

Hindi Meaning - विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन
English Meaning - Founded in 1948, WHO is the United Nations agency that connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health.

5.quadruple (adjective)

Hindi Meaning - चौगुना
English Meaning - increase by four (times).

6.prevalence (noun)

Hindi Meaning - प्रचलन, प्रसार
English Meaning - it refers to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time whereas incidence refers to the number of new cases that develop in a given period of time.

7.steep (adjective)

Hindi Meaning - तीव्र, तेज़
English Meaning - sudden, sharp, rapid.

8.NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (noun)

Hindi Meaning - गैर-संचारी रोग जोखिम कारक सहयोग
English Meaning - a network of health scientists around the world that provides rigorous and timely data on major risk factors for non-communicable diseases for all of the world’s countries.

9.take into account (phrase)

Hindi Meaning - ध्यान में रखना
English Meaning - consider, regard, factor in, give consideration to, bear in mind.

10.decade (noun)

Hindi Meaning - दशक
English Meaning - a period of ten years.

11.absolute (adjective)

Hindi Meaning - पूर्ण, निरपेक्ष
English Meaning - complete, total, entire.

12.contest (verb)

Hindi Meaning - प्रतियोगिता करना, चुनौती देना
English Meaning - dispute, defy, oppose, challenge, resist.

13.highlight (verb)

Hindi Meaning - उजागर करना, प्रमुख बनाना
English Meaning - emphasize, underscore, underline, accentuate, point up, call attention to, focus attention on.

14.impair (verb)

Hindi Meaning - क्षति पहुंचाना
English Meaning - damage, weaken, spoil, disable, undermine, reduce, diminish, decrease, lessen.

15.regulation (noun)

Hindi Meaning - नियंत्रण
English Meaning - control, adjustment, balancing.

16.diagnosis (noun)

English Meaning - the process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms.

17.clinical diagnosis (noun)

English Meaning - the process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury based on the signs and symptoms a patient is having and the patient’s health history and physical exam.

18.Lancet (noun)

English Meaning - a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is among the world’s oldest and best-known general medical journals.

19.top (verb)

English Meaning - be at the highest place/rank in a list.

20.pool (verb)

English Meaning - combine, merge, join, put together.

21.medication (noun)

English Meaning - a drug/medicine used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.

22.fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (noun)

English Meaning - Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels are determined by taking a blood sample from participants who have fasted for at least 8 hours. It can be measured in mmol/L or in mg/dL.

23.glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (noun)

English Meaning - a form of hemoglobin (Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar. A hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test is a blood test that shows what your average blood sugar (glucose) level was over the past two to three months.

24.rely on (phrasal verb)

English Meaning - depend on, bank on, count on.

25.elevated (adjective)

English Meaning - increased, raised.

26.biomaker (noun)

English Meaning - any (biological) substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body or its products and influence or predict the incidence of outcome or disease. (or) a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.

27.single-biomarker data (noun)

English Meaning - biological information about an organism that comes from a single biomarker, or a measurable characteristic of the body.

28.non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (noun)

English Meaning - also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from person to person. They are of long duration and generally slow progression. The four main types of non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

29.rich (adjective)

English Meaning - large, huge, plentiful, abundant.

30.saturated fat (noun)

English Meaning - a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. The most common sources of saturated fats are meats and dairy products. Eating saturated fat increases the level of cholesterol in the blood and the risk of heart disease.

31.sedentary (adjective)

English Meaning - desk-bound, inactive, stationary.

32.overwhelming (adjective)

English Meaning - very large, huge, very strong, massive, profound.

33.insulin (noun)

English Meaning - a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It’s made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating. Insulin helps glucose enter the body’s cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for future use.

34.beta cells (noun)

English Meaning - cells in the pancreas that produce and release the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

35.thereby (adverb)

English Meaning - as a result of that.

36.play a role or play a part (phrase)

English Meaning - contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in.

37.onset (noun)

English Meaning - start, beginning, arrival.

38.Insulin resistance (noun)

English Meaning - Insulin resistance is when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t easily take up glucose from your blood. As a result, your pancreas makes more insulin to help glucose enter your cells.

39.besides (preposition)

English Meaning - apart from, other than, barring, excluding.

40.associate (verb)

English Meaning - link, connect, relate.

41.cardiovascular (adjective)

English Meaning - relating to the heart and blood vessels.

42.mortality (noun)

English Meaning - (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death; death, loss of life.

43.gestational (adjective)

English Meaning - relating to the period of time between conception and birth; during pregnancy.

44.overemphasise (verb)

English Meaning - overstress, exaggerate, overdo, overplay, overdramatize.