Carbon and its Compounds Test - 10

Substance X is an ester. The reaction in which a carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester is called esterification. Some volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes; large quantities of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate are commercially produced for this purpose.

A breath-analyzer is a device for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC). Breath-analyzers do not measure blood alcohol content or concentration directly. The direct measurement requires the analysis of a blood sample. Instead, they estimate the BAC indirectly by measuring the amount of alcohol in one's breath. Alcohol in the breath causes a chemical change. This chemical change is registered by the breath-analyzer machine.

Bromine water test is a test for unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ethane undergoes addition reaction and decolorizes bromine water. Similarly, ethyne also decolorizes bromine water.

Mixture of water and alcohol is used in radiators of vehicles in cold countries. Alcohol is used for antifreeze mixture. Antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid.

When the fuel does not burn completely, some carbon particles remain un-oxidised and form soot. The soot gets deposited to the bottom of the vessels and the vessels get blackened on the outside.

NaCl has ionic bonds between the sodium ion and the chlorine ion. Ammonia has polar covalent bonds between nitrogen atom and hydrogen atoms. Nitrogen molecule has non-polar covalent bonds between the two nitrogen atoms since the two atoms are alike. C₆₀ is a member of fullerenes (Allotropes of carbon). Buckminsterfullerene contains a cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.

Carbon forms a large number of compounds due to the property of catenation. Catenation is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains. Catenation occurs most readily in carbon. Ethane is an alkane (saturated hydrocarbon with single bonds between the two carbon atoms). Butene is an alkene (unsaturated hydrocarbon with double bonds between two carbon atoms). Ethyne is an alkyne (unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bonds between the two carbon atoms).

The general formula of an alcohol is R-OH. The general formula of an aldehyde is R-CHO. The general formula of a ketone is R-CO-R'. The general formula of a halo-alkane is R-X.

Hydrogenation is an addition reaction. The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation. Carbon tetrachloride is a product of a substitution reaction - a characteristic property of saturated hydrocarbons. Alcohol meant for industrial purposes is made unfit for human consumption by adding small amounts (about 5%) of methanol to alcohol. The mixture is known as denatured spirit or denatured alcohol. Ethyl ethanoate is a product of esterification.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. Detergents are sodium salts of long chain of sulphonic acids. Reaction of acetic acid with metal hydroxides is a neutralisation reaction.
CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O.
The reaction in which a carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester is called esterification. When acetic acid CH₃COOH reacts with alcohol, an ester is formed along with water.
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O