Cell Cycle and Cell Division Test

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division Test - 42

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Question 1
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During meiosis, homologous chromosomes may exchange genetic material during a process called "crossing over."
How does this benefit the organism?

A
Crossing over results in the production of more gametes during meiosis. Having more gametes increases the reproductive fitness of the organism

B
Crossing over produces additional copies DNA regulatory molecules. Increased cell cycle regulation improves the overall fitness of the organism by reducing the chance of mutation

C
Crossing over produces new combinations of genes on alleles, increasing genetic variation. Genetic diversity increases the fitness of the population

D
Crossing over allows homologous chromosomes to correct errors in their sequences by filling in gaps caused by missing nucleotides. This improves the fitness of the organism by retaining intact genetic sequences

Solution

Crossing over takes place during pachytene stage of Prophase I of Meiosis I where the non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, this results in recombination of the genetic material and creates new genetic combination. This results in variations, which can be beneficial to the offsprings providing a better survival advantage.
So, the correct answer is 'Crossing over produces new combinations of genes on alleles, increasing genetic variation. Genetic diversity increases the fitness of the population'
Question 2
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Which of these statements is true of meiosis?

A
Meiosis plays a role in growth, reproduction, and repair

B
Meiosis produces gametes that contain one complete haploid set of chromosomes

C
Meiosis occurs after DNA replication

D
Meiosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells

Solution

Meiosis is a reduction division, where the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced to half as compared to the parent cell. This set of chromosomes is called a haploid set or genome. The reduction from diploid to haploid occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis I, where homologous chromosomes separate and enter into two different cells. Meiosis takes place only in reproductive cells that divide to form gametes
So, the correct answer is 'Meiosis produces gametes that contain one complete haploid set of chromosomes'
Question 3
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A cell that has 36 chromosomes, at the start of interphase will have ........... at the conclusion of meiosis.

A
18 singular chromosomes

B
36 singular chromosomes

C
18 replicated chromosomes

D
9 chromosomes, one in each of the four gametes produced

Solution

Cell cycle is divided into interphase and mitotic phase. At the start of interphase, a cell contains 2n number of chromsomes. In given case, it is 36 chromosomes and 72 chromatids. Meiosis is a reductional division. During meiosis I, the number of chromosomes are reduced to half, that is n. In given case, it will be 18 chromosomes and 36 chromatids. During meiosis II, the number of chromsomes remain same, however, the number of chromatids are reduced to 18. Hence, at the conclusion of meiosis, the cell will contain 18 singular chromosomes.
Thus, the correct answer is '18 singular chromosomes.'
Question 4
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The nuclear membrane disappearing and centrioles moving to opposite sides of the cell are events that occur during which phase of mitosis?

A
Interphase

B
Prophase

C
Metaphase

D
Anaphase

E
Telophase

Solution

Mitosis is a process of cell division, in order to transfer genetic information from parent cell to daughter cell. It consists of 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Prophase is preceded by interphase. In prophase, the divided centrioles form astrals and start moving to opposite poles, also nuclear membrane starts degenerating, and chromosome also starts moving.
Hence, the correct answer is option B.
Question 5
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A body cell of an organism has 8 chromosomes. Which describes the chromosome composition of one of the body cells after interphase?

A
Sixteen chromosomes made up of 16 chromatids

B
Sixteen chromosomes made up of 8 chromatids

C
Eight chromosomes made up of 8 chromatids

D
Eight chromosomes made up of 16 chromatids

E
Four chromosomes made up of 8 chromatids

Solution

The number of chromosome present in a cell is given as 8. Each chromosome is represented by 1 chromatid. During the process of cell division, the genetic material gets doubled. This means that the number of chromosome remains same, only the number of chromatids and the number of DNA molecules gets doubled. So, the number of the chromosome will remain same as 8 and the number of chromatid gets doubled to 16.
So, the correct answer is option D.
Question 6
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Which image best represents a cell in metaphase?

A

B

C

D

E

Solution

At metaphase, the chromosomes are arranged at the equatorial plate and the spindle fibers are attached to the sister chromatids at the centromere.
Hence option C displays the best image representing the metaphase stage in which chromosomes are arranged at the equatorial plate with spindle fibres attached to the sister chromatids.
So, the correct answer is option C.
Question 7
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Mitotic inhibitors are drugs that are used to disrupt the process of mitosis. They can be used to treat cancers such as lymphomas, leukemia and lung cancer. These drugs disrupt the function of microtubules.
Cells affected by mitotic inhibitors would most likely be stopped in which stage of mitosis?

A
Interphase

B
Prophase

C
Metaphase

D
Anaphase

E
Telophase

Solution

Mitotic inhibitors inhibit microtubules, which pull chromosomes apart during cell division. This step occurs during prophase, thus inhibitors affect prophase the most. Hence, the answer is option B.
Question 8
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the image shown below?

A
Alleles between sister chromatids are exchanged during meiotic divisions.

B
Non-sister chromatids within a tetrad exchange genetic material.

C
A maternal chromosome swaps genetic material with a paternal chromosome during prophase of mitosis.

D
Crossing over is a mutation where pieces of one chromosome are translocated to another chromosome.

Solution

During Pachytene stage - Prophase I of Meiosis I, non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material by a process called crossing over, which is responsible for variations between the offsprings and parents.
So, the correct answer is 'Non-sister chromatids within a tetrad exchange genetic material'
Question 9
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Which term best describes the nuclear material present during interphase?

A
Chromosomes

B
Chromatids

C
Chromatin

D
Centromeres

E
Centrioles

Solution

A. Chromosomes are the thread like structures present in the nucleus of cell and are made up of DNA. They carry the hereditary or genetic information.
B. Chromatids are the part of chromosome or the identical halves of chromosome that are formed during replication and are separated during cell division.
C. Chromatin is the genetic material inside the eukaryotic nucleus and is visible in the form of long threads of DNA. At the time of cell division, the chromatin threads become condensed to form chromosome.
D. Centromere is the area where the chromatids are attached to each other.
E. In animal cells, just outside the nucleus, an area called centrosome is present. It contains the organelles called as centrioles. These are the structures associated with spindle formation during cell division.
Hence the nuclear material present during interphase i.e. at the time of cell division, is Chromatin.
So, the correct answer is 'Chromatin'.
Question 10
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Which of the followings dose not occur in the interphase of eukaryotic cell division?

A
Increase of ATP synthesis

B
Increase of DNA synthesis

C
Increase of RNA synthesis

D
Reduction in cell size

Solution

The sequence of events which occur during cell growth and cell division are collectively called cell cycle. Cell cycle completes in two steps: Interphase and M-phase/Dividing phase. Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life and is divided into three stages.
G1 phase- In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes rRNA, mRNA, ribosomes and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. The metabolic rate is high and synthesis of enzymes and ATP storage is also high.
S phase- In this phase, the chromosomes replicate forming two identical copies of DNA.
G2 phase- It is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
So, the answer is D.