Body Fluids and Circulation Test

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Body Fluids and Circulation Test - 61

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Weekly Quiz Competition

Question 1
1 / -0

Read the following statements carefully.
(i) In fishes the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by the gills and supplied to the body parts from where deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart.
(ii) The openings of the right and the left ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta respectively are provided with the mitral valves.
(iii) The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e., it is autoexcitable.
(iv) The T-wave of ECG represents depolarisation of the ventricles.
Which of the above two statements are incorrect?

A
i and iii

B
ii and iv

C
i and ii

D
iii and iv

Solution

In electrocardiography, the T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles. The opening of right and the left ventricle into the pulmonary artery and aorta are provided with a semilunar valve.
Thus, the correct answer is 'ii and iv.'
Question 2
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Which of the following options has the correct pair of nephron parts that maintain $$pH$$ and ionic balance of blood?

A
Proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

B
Distal convoluted tubule and glomerulus

C
Proximal convoluted tubule and glomerulus

D
Collecting duct and Henle's loop

Solution

DCT maintains the pH and ionic balance in the blood by reabsorption of $$Na^{+}$$ , water, $$HCO_{3}$$ and selective secretion of $$H^{+}$$, $$K^{+}$$ and $$NH_{3}$$. Collecting duct plays a role in the maintenance of pH and ionic balance of blood by reabsorption of water, and selective secretion of $$H^{+}$$ and $$K^{+}$$ ions.
Question 3
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Which of the following is the diagrammatic representation of standard electrocardiogram(ECG)?

A

B

C

D

Solution

D. This diagram is correct
Reason: A normal electrogram (ECG) is composed of a ‘P’ wave, a QRS wave (complex), and a T wave. The ‘P’ wave is a small upward wave that represents electrical excitation or atrial depolarization which leads to contraction of both the atria. QRS wave (complex) begins after a fraction of a second of the P wave. It begins as a small downward deflection (Q) and continues as a larger upright (R) and triangular wave, ending as a downward wave (S) at its base. It represents ventricular depolarization. The ‘T’ wave is dome-shaped which represents ventricular repolarization. The potential generated by the recovery of the ventricle from the depolarization state is called the repolarization wave. The end of the ‘T’ wave marks the end of the systole.
Question 4
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The given figure is the ECG of a normal human. Which one of its components is correctly interpreted below?

A
Complex QRS - one complete pulse

B
Peak T - initiation of total cardiac contraction

C
Peak P and Peak R together - systollic and diastolic blood pressures

D
Peak P - initiation of left atrial contraction only
Solution
Correct Answer: (A) Complex QRS - one complete pulse.
Explanation:
The P wave represents atrial depolarization. Hence, it signifies the electrical activation of both the atria.
While the QRS complex signifies ventricular depolarization. It signifies that the ventricles are contracting in order to pump out the blood in one single cycle and hence is equal to one complete pulse.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization of the ventricular myocardium.
Hence, in electrocardiography, the QRS complex signifies one complete pulse.
Question 5
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A red blood cell, entering the right side of the heart passes by or through the following structures.
1. Atrioventricular valves
2. Semilunar valves
3. Right atrium
4.Right ventricle
5. SAN
Which of the following options represents the correct sequence?

A
2 -> 3 -> 1 -> 4 -> 5

B
3 -> 1->5->2->4

C
3->5->1->4->2

D
5->3->1->4->2

Solution

Pathway of blood through the heart
1. Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae,
and the coronary sinus.
2. From right atrium, it goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
3. From the right ventricle, it goes through the pulmonary semilunar valves to
the pulmonary trunk.
4. From the pulmonary trunk, it moves into the right and left pulmonary
arteries to the lungs.
5. From the lungs, oxygenated blood is returned to the heart through the
pulmonary veins.
6. From the pulmonary veins, blood flows into the left atrium.
7. From the left atrium, blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into
the left ventricle.
8. From the left ventricle, it goes through the aortic semilunar valves into the
ascending aorta.
9. Blood is distributed to the rest of the body (systemic circulation) from the
aorta.
Thus, the correct answer is '3->5->1->4->2'
Question 6
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Which of the following statements is correct?

A
The T-wave in an ECG represents excitation of ventricles.

B
The sum of P and T waves in a given time period can determine the heart beat rate of an individual.

C
The end of the P-wave marks the end of the systole.

D
In a standard ECG, a person is connected to the machine with three electrical leads.
Solution
D. In a standard ECG, a person is connected to the machine with three electrical leads
Reason:
- T- wave represents ventricular repolarisation.
- The number of QRS- complex in a given time period helps in determining the heart rate or pulse rate.
- The P-wave represents the excitation of atria.
- To obtain a standard ECG, the patient is connected to 3 electrical wires, one to each wrist and one to the left ankle.
Question 7
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Mark the pair of substances among the following which is essential for coagulation of blood.

A
Heparin and calcium ions

B
Calcium ions and platelet factors

C
Oxalates and citrates

D
Platelet factors and heparin

Solution

Calcium ions and platelets are essential factors for clotting of blood. During some injury, the platelets release inactivated platelet factors that are involved in the activation of other factors involved in the formation of clots in the blood. Calcium ions in the blood catalyze the activation of many factors involved in clot formation like factor VIII, factor IX, factor V and factor XIII.
Thus, the correct answer is 'Calcium ions and platelet factors.'
Question 8
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Given below are four statements (i-iv) regarding human blood circulatory system.
i. Arteries are thick-walled and have narrow lumen as compared to veins.
ii. Angina is acute chest pain when the blood circulation to the brain is reduced.
iii. Persons with blood group AB can donate blood to. any person with any blood group under ABO system.
iv. Calcium ions play a very important role in blood clotting.
Which two of the above statements are correct?

A
i and iv

B
i and ii

C
ii and iii

D
iii and iv

Solution

i. Arteries have thick, elastic walls and narrow lumen while veins have thinner, scarcely elastic walls and wide lumen.
ii. Angina Pectoris is a pain in the chest due to deprived oxygen the heart muscle experience constricting pain. This is not a fatal condition and the pain passes off quickly.
iii. Persons with blood group AB is a universal recipients. It has both the antigens A and B but no bodies.
iv. During clot, Thromboplastin helps in the formation of an enzyme prothrombinase. This enzyme inactivates heparin and it also converts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin into its active form, thrombin. Both changes require calcium ions.
So, the correct answer is 'i and iv'.
Question 9
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One of the common symptoms observed in people infected with dengue fever is

A
Significant decrease in RBC count

B
Significant decrease in WBC count

C
Significant decrease in platelets count

D
Significant increase in platelets count

Solution

Dengue is a type of fever caused by the dengue virus and propagated by mosquitoes. A significant decrease in the number of platelets is observed in this disease.
Thus, the correct answer 'Significant decrease in platelets count.'
Question 10
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During acute myocardial infarction which of the following changes occurs in the ECG ?

A
Flattened T wave

B
Depressed ST segment

C
Elevated ST segment

D
Increased length of PR interval

Solution

A) T wave is never flat. It is either positive, negative or biphasic.
B) Depressed ST segment indicates ischemia. Ischemia is the inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles
C) In a myocardial infarction at first, large peaked T waves are observed, followed by ST elevation.
D) An increase in the length of PR interval indicates a first-degree heart block.
So the correct answer is 'Elevated ST segment'.