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Locomotion and Movement Test - 51

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Locomotion and Movement Test - 51
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    Ilium is a term applied to the structure of
    Solution
    Ilium is a term applied to the structure of pelvic girdle. The ilium is the largest and most superior of the three bones that join to form the hipbone, or os coxa. It is a wide, flat bone that provides many attachment points for muscles of the trunk and hip. The superficial location of the ilium makes it a common site for extracting bone tissue for grafting and bone marrow for transplants. The ilium is located in the pelvic region lateral to the sacrum at the base of the spinal column.

  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    Obturator foramen is found in
    Solution
    The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass in rabbit.
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    Amoeba shows which type of response towards current of water?
    Solution
    Movement of an organism in response to a current of water or air is called Rheotaxis. It is commonly observed in aquatic animals like fish. Amoeba shows rheotaxis by drifting towards the line of water. Amoeba does not have organs but has nucleus which helps it to sense the environment i.e water and air. Thus, the correct answer is option B. 
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    Amoeboid movement is a characteristic of Amoeba and human macrophages. It occurs when ectoplasm contracts to move endoplasm into a pseudopodium. This contraction of the ectoplasm appears to be caused by
    Solution
    A pseudopodium is a temporary cytoplasmic  projection from the cell. During ameoboid movements, the endoplasm moves in the direction of movement into one or more pseudopdia. At the tip of the pseudopodia, endoplasm is converted into ectoplasm and at the trailing edge ectoplasm is converted to endoplasm. Such contraction of the ectoplasm is caused by the contracting micro filaments  and the proteins present in all the eukaryotic  cells.
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    Enzyme ATPase required for muscle contraction is located in
    Solution
    During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges the heads. It contains an actin binding protein as well as an ATPase, which is activated by $$Ca^{2+}$$ and $$Mg^{2+}$$ ions. 
    Hence ATPase enzyme is located in myosin.
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Choose the correctly paired sets from the following.
    SET I
    		SET II
    		SET III
    (A) Sphenoid bone
    		Keystone bone
    		Cranium
    (B) Acromion process
    		Collar bone
    		Scapula
    (C) Xipioid process
    		Breastbone
    		Thorax
    (D) Odontoid process
    		Atlas
    		Cervical vertebra

    Solution
    • Acromion process is a bony process on the scapula. This is also commonly called as collar bone.
    • The acromion process is attached to the scapular spine. The process works with the coracoid process of the scapula to form a solid and stable shoulder joint.
    • Odontoid process serves as a pivot point for the skull. It is the process in the axis bone that attaches with the atlas, first cervical vertebrae. This allows the head and neck to rotate. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option B. 
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    Sarcomere is the functional unit of contraction in a muscle fiber. Identify the portion of myofibril that constitute a sarcomere.
    Solution
    • Sarcomere is a basic unit of the sarcomere. It is a portion of a myofibril between two successive 'Z' line. 
    • The I band is that part of the sarcomere that contains thin filaments, while the A band contains an area of overlap between the thin and the thick filaments.
    • A single I band spans two neighboring sarcomeres. A Z line attaches those neighboring sarcomeres.
    • The thin filaments are attached to the Z lines on each end of the sarcomere, while the thick filaments reside in the middle of the sarcomere.
      So, the correct answer is option A.
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    Consider the diagram given below.
    Parts labelled as A, B, C, D, E and F respectively indicate.

    Solution

    A.Correct option D

    B.Explanation for correct option:

    • The hip bone is made up of the bones ilium, ischium and pubis. 
    • The sacrum is the bone that is jointed with the hip bone to form the pelvis. The pubis or pubic bone is the bone at the bottom and in front of the pelvis in the pubic area.
    • The head of the femur bone whose head fits into the cavity of the pelvic girdle. It is the thigh bone which is the longest bone of the body.
    • The bone-forming inner lower leg is called the tibia and the bone-forming outer lower leg is the fibula. 

  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    In mammals, including humans, nitric oxide (NO) is an important cellular signaling molecule involved in many physiological processes. Research into its function led to the 1998 Nobel Prize for discovering its role in cardiovascular function. One specific role of nitric oxide in cardiac function is the dilation of blood vessels, a process called vasodilation. Vasodilation of the arteries lowers blood pressure and decreases the force that the heart muscle needs to exert to pump blood.
    The cell signaling mechanism begins when NO diffuses into the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel and activates guanylate cyclase which, in turn, stimulates the guanylate cyclase to generate cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Protein Kinase G phosphorylates several proteins that regulate calcium concentrations and, in this case, causes alterations in thin and thick muscle filaments that results in smooth muscle relaxation. This signaling mechanism is illustrated below:
    Research published by Gustafsson, Persson, and Moncada (1990) found that nitric oxide production in the lungs decreases immediately under acute hypoxia (low oxygen), which causes the pulmonary blood vessels to constrict. This, in turn, limits oxygen delivery to the lungs, heart, red blood cells and mitochondria. A study published in the journal Nature (Beall et al. 2001) examined chronically hypoxic, high altitude populations of Tibetans and Bolivian Aymara, two countries almost halfway across the world from one other, and found that exhaled levels of Nitric oxide were unusually high relative to a low-altitude reference sample from the United States.
    What is a likely conclusion that can be made with these findings?

    Solution
    • Nitric oxide triggers the signaling pathway for smooth muscle relaxation or vasodilation that increases the flow of blood through the arteries. This leads to a better supply of oxygen to the vital organs but decreases the pressure on the heart to pump blood at a faster rate.
    •  Especially at higher altitudes, where the oxygen level is low in the atmosphere. So population living at higher altitudes have elevated levels of nitric oxide in their lungs, which is also reflected in the amount that is exhaled out

    So, the correct answer is 'Populations living at high altitudes have an adaptive mechanism to offset hypoxia since the elevated levels of nitric oxide in the lungs dilates pulmonary blood vessels, which increases oxygen delivery to the lungs, blood, and cells of the body'
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    Where would you find the highest concentration of strontium in a child who is exposed to strontium (strontium is preferentially incorporated into growing long bone)?
    Solution
    • Once strontium enters the bloodstream, it is distributed throughout the body, where it can enter and leave cells quite easily. In the body, strontium behaves very much like calcium. 
    • A large portion of the strontium will accumulate in bone. In adults, strontium mostly attaches to the surfaces of bones and near the epiphyseal plates of long bones. 
    • In children, whose bones are still growing, strontium may be used by the body to create the hard bone mineral itself. Hence, the highest concentration of strontium in a child who is exposed to strontium Near the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
    So, the correct answer is 'Near the epiphyseal plates of long bones'.
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