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Neural Control and Coordination Test - 72

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Neural Control and Coordination Test - 72
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  • Question 1
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    Which pigment helps some nocturnal animal to see at night?
    Solution
    Among many nocturnal vertebrates, the white compound guanine is found in the epithelium or retina of the eye. This provides a mirror-like surface, the tapetum lucidum, which reflects light outward and thereby allows a second chance for its absorption by visual pigments at very low light intensities at night. Tapeta lucida produces the familiar eyeshine of nocturnal animals.
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    All of the following bones provide support and protection to body parts, which bone is different in its function?
    Solution
    The malleus is one of three ossicles in the middle ear, which transmit sound from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear. The malleus receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits this to the incus. 
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    Retina of the vertebrate eye consists of 
    Solution
    The retina is a layered structure with several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The only neurons that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells. These are mainly of two types: the rods and cones. Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision, while cones support the daytime vision and the perception of colour. The third type of photoreceptor, the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cell, is important for reflexive responses to bright daylight. Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons of the retina. The output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve. 
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    How many oblique and rectus muscles are found to move the eye ball in various direction inside the eye orbit? 
    Solution
    Six extraocular muscles facilitate eye movement. These muscles arise from the common tendinous ring in the orbit, the eye cavity and attach to the eyeball. The six muscles are the lateral, medial, inferior and superior rectus muscles and the inferior and superior oblique muscles. The muscles, when contracting, cause movement of the eyeball, by pulling the eyeball towards the muscle.
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    Lens and retina of vertebrate eye develop from 
    Solution
    Neuroectoderm gives rise to the following compartments of the eye: retina, epithelial lining of ciliary body and iris, optic nerves. Surface ectoderm produces the following parts: lens, corneal epithelium, skin of eyelid.
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Pigmented connective tissue in rabbit occurs in 
    Solution
    Vascular tunic is the middle coat of the eyeball consisting of highly vascular and heavily pigmented connective tissue consisting of a posterior choroid layer and an anterior ciliary body and the iris. Choroid is the posterior portion of the vascular middle tunic of the eyeball, lined on the inside by a layer of darkly pigmented cells; it provides the main blood supply to the back of the eye and gives rise to the ciliary body and the iris anteriorly.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    Eye is most sensitive to 
    Solution
    At extremely low intensities of stimuli, when only rods are stimulated, the retina shows a variable sensitivity to light according to its wavelength, being most sensitive at about 5000 angstroms, the absorption maximum of the rod visual pigment, rhodopsin. There is a characteristic shift in the maximum sensitivity from 5000 angstroms for scotopic (night) vision to 5550 angstroms for photopic (day) vision, called Purkinje shift.
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    Fenestra ovalis is the opening of 
    Solution
    • The oval window, also known as the fenestra ovalis, is a connective tissue membrane located at the end of the middle ear and the beginning of the inner ear. 
    • It is an oval opening located on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, leading into the vestibule, to which the base of the stapes is connected and through which the ossicles of the ear transmit the sound vibrations to the cochlea.
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    In man, the muscles which move the pinnae are 
    Solution
    Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares muscles) in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction. Most humans, unlike most other mammals, do not have this ability. So, it is vestigial in human.
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    Harderian gland occurs in 
    Solution
    The harderian gland is a gland found within the eye's orbit, which occurs in tetrapods (reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals) that possess a nictitating membrane. The gland can be compound tubular or compound tubuloalveolar, and the fluid it secretes (mucous, serous or lipid) varies between different groups of animals. In some animals it acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland, secreting fluid that eases movement of the nictitating membrane. 
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