Neural Control and Coordination Test - 76

• The cord is sheathed in the same three meninges as it is the brain: the pia, arachnoid, and dura. The dura is the tough outer sheath, the arachnoid lies beneath it and the pia closely adheres to the surface of the cord. 
• The spinal cord is attached to the dura by a series of lateral denticulate ligaments emanating from the pial folds. 

(A) Cerebellum and not diencephalon regulates posture and balance.

Option d is the right answer. The above diagram shows a sensory neurone. In a sensory neurone the flow of the nerve impulse is from the nerve ending in sense organ to the nerve ending in the central nervous system, the bulb like projection is the cell body thus X=skin and Y=spinal cord.

The human brain is involved in receiving information from the rest of the body, interpreting that information, and then guiding the body's response to it. Types of input the brain interprets include odors, light, sounds, and pain. The brain also helps perform vital operations such as breathing, maintaining blood pressure, and releasing hormones.The brain is divided into different sections and include cerebrum, cerebellum, diancephalon and brainstem. The cerebrum which is the largest part of the brain is responsible for memory, speech, the senses and emotional response.

The autonomous nervous system controls the heart beat rate via cardioregulatory centre in the medulla oblongata. The emergency conditions activate the sympathetic motor nerve and make the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine which in turn increase the heart beat rate. Hence, the nerve which increases heart beat is part of autonomic and sympathetic nervous system. The central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord only. The peripheral nervous system includes all cranial and spinal nerves; the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, except Vagus nerve, are part of the peripheral nervous system and are mostly concentrated in head, neck and facial region of the body. Vagus nerve conducts the parasympathetic motor impulses which in turn slow down the heart beat rate by the effect of acetylcholine; a neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system. 

• The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomous nervous system and is involved in the stimulation of activities that prepare the body for action, such as increasing the heart rate, increasing the release of sugar from the liver into the blood and other flight or fight responses of the body. 
• The parasympathetic nervous system decreases respiration and heart rate and increases digestion by the increase in saliva production and other digestive juices.
  

So the correct answer is option A.

The neocortex represents the great majority of the cerebral cortex. It has six layers and contains between 10 and 14 billion neurons. It is thought that the neocortex is an evolved much later in the chain of events that led to the evolution of modern human. It is the structure of the brain that differentiates mammals from other vertebrates and it is assumed that the neocortex is responsible for the evolution of intelligence.  Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

• The cornea, the main focusing part, is the clear front surface of the eye. Like a window, it allows light to enter the eye. Vision could be markedly reduced or lost if the cornea becomes cloudy or scarred. This condition is known as corneal blindness.
• Eye donation is an act of donating one’s eyes after his/her death. Only corneal blinds can be benefited through this process, not other blinds.
• A cornea transplant is a surgical procedure that replaces a disc-shaped segment of an impaired cornea with a similarly shaped piece of a healthy donor cornea.
• So, the correct answer is option A.