Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 65

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Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 65

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Weekly Quiz Competition

Question 1
1 / -0

Juxta glomerular cells of kidney secrete hormone

A
Angiotensiongen

B
Angiotensin II

C
Coherin

D
Renin

Solution

When blood volume is low, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin directly into circulation. The juxtaglomerular cells are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen released by the liver to angiotensin I.
Question 2
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Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone, which ________.

A
Elevates potassium level in blood

B
Lowers calcium level in blood

C
Elevates calcium level in blood

D
Has no effect on calcium

Solution

Calcitonin is also known as thyrocalcitonin is a hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Its main actions are to increase bone calcium content and decrease blood calcium levels. Calcitonin opposes the effects of the parathyroid hormone, which acts to increase the blood level of calcium.
Hence, option B is correct.
Question 3
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In mechanism of hormone action, which of the following is not a second messenger?

A
Cyclic AMP

B
$$IP_{3}$$

C
$$Ca^{++}$$

D
$$Mg^{++}$$
Solution
- Hormones which are made up of proteins or steroids are chemical messengers that enable communication between cells. Hormones are secreted by the glands of the endocrine system and help in maintaining homeostasis and regulates metabolism, reproduction, and development.
- The protein hormones that are released bind to a specific receptor on target cells and trigger intracellular signals. Since the signal transduction begins when a hormone is released into the bloodstream, this hormone is called the first messenger.
- The hormone further binds to specific cell membrane receptors. The binding of the hormone to the receptor sends across conformational changes that produce a response in the cytosolic side of the cell.
- These responses bring about a change of concentration of small molecules called the second messengers such as cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, Ca2+, inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol, DAG which ultimately brings about upregulation or downregulation of certain genes or molecules.
- Magnesium ions do not play a role as secondary messengers.
So, the correct answer is option D.
Question 4
1 / -0

Goitre can occur as a consequence of all the following except

A
Iodine deficiency

B
Pituitary adenoma

C
Grave's disease

D
Excessive intake of exogenous thyroxine

Solution

A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland. The pituitary prompts the thyroid to make its hormones including thyroxine ($$T_4$$) and triiodothyronine ($$T_3$$) by releasing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If a person's diet is low in iodine, the thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to comply with the pituitary's demands. Another common cause is Graves disease, in which the immune system produces antibodies that act like TSH and stimulate the thyroid gland uncontrollably. The gland responds by producing an excessive amount of hormones. Thyrotropin (TSH) secreting pituitary adenomas are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
Question 5
1 / -0

The diurnal rhythms are regulated by

A
Adrenalin

B
Melatonin

C
Serotonin

D
Vasopressin

Solution

Melatonin hormone is secreted by the pineal gland. Pineal gland is a pea-sized gland located just above the middle of the brain. During the day the pineal is inactive. During the night the pineal is "turned on" by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It stimulates theother parts of the brain that control hormones, body temperature and other functions. Thus, pineal gland begins to actively produce melatonin, which is released into the blood. It helps regulate other hormones and maintains the body's diurnal rhythm.
Question 6
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For the treatment of type I diabetes, two different medications were tested by medical researchers. Both drug 1 and drug 2 mimic the effects of insulin on muscle, brain, and liver cells. The serum (blood) levels of the drugs in patients through eight hours after injection is depicted in the graph.
The correct inference for the above data is:

A
The effects of drug 2 are longer lasting.

B
Drug 1 is faster acting than drug 2.

C
Drug 1 is at its highest concentration upon injection.

D
Drug 1 and drug 2 have about equal concentrations after four hours.

E
Drug 2 is highly concentrated within two hours of injection.

Solution

The role of insulin is to decrease the glucose level in blood and send it to muscle and other cells. The concentration of drug 2 is high within two hours of injection after that it decreases drastically. Whereas the concentration of drug 2 in serum increases gradually till three hours of injection and then decreases. Thus, the correct answer is 'Drug 2 is highly concentrated within two hours of injection.'

Question 7

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In order to determine the effect of each substance on normal body variables, they were injected intravenously. The results are shown in table below. Assume that enough time was allowed between injections so that the substances do not interfere with one another. Based on the information in table above, which of the following is most likely substance B?

Variable	Baseline values	Values after injecting substance A	Values after injecting substance B	Values after injecting substance C	Values after injecting substance D
Serum $${ Ca }^{ ++ }$$	2.3mmol/L	2.3mmol/L	2.3mmol/L	3.0mmol/L	2.3mmol/L
Serum $${ Na }^{ + }$$	135mmol/L	135mmol/L	135mmol/L	136mmol/L	135mmol/L
Serum glucose	5.6mmol/L	3.3mmol/L	5.6mmol/L	7.4mmol/L	5.6mmol/L

Based on the information in table above, which of the following is most likely substance A?

Glucagon

Aldosterone

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Insulin

Solution

Homeostasis is the process wherein normal body variables are actively regulated inside a defined environment to remain very near to constant. The regulation of concentration of sodium ($$Na^+$$) and Calcium ($$Ca^{++}$$) ions in the blood as well as glucose levels in blood plasma are examples of Homeostasis.
In the human body, the concentration of blood sugar levels is regulated by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets by secreting insulin into the blood and inhibits the secretion of glucagon into the blood. The table given in the question shows the effect of a substance on the normal body variables after an intravenous injection of the same. According to the given data, the injection of substance A tends to decrease the concentration of Serum glucose below the baseline value. Hence, the substance that was injected is identified as insulin.

Question 8
1 / -0

The hormone that increases the rate of $${ Ca }^{ ++ }$$ absorption from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood is

A
Calcitriol

B
Aldosterone

C
Cholecystokinin

D
Calcitonin

Solution

The kidneys produce three important hormones erythropoietin, calcitriol ( 1,25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) and renin.
Erythropoietin is a peptide hormone which regulates erythropoiesis. It is a glycoprotein containing 165 amino acids. Its receptors are present on the membranes of red blood cell precursors. Binding of the hormone reduces apoptosis of these cells - multiple cells survive and can, therefore, complete their development into mature erythrocytes.
Cholecalciferol, inactive vitamin D $$_3$$ is covered to 1,25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol or hormone calcitriol in the kidney. Calcitriol stimulates the small intestine for protein synthesis allowing absorption of Ca$$^2$$$$^+$$ and phosphates. This ensures the availability of Ca$$^2$$$$^+$$ and phosphorus for bone growth. Calcitriol simultaneously activates osteoblasts to synthesise collagen.
Renin is a part of the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system. In the case of insufficient blood flow to kidneys ( e.g. decrease in blood volume ) cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus begin the synthesis of protein renin. Renin catalysed the conversion of plasmatic angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted by angiotensin converting enzyme to angiotensin II, which stimulates aldosterone synthesis and causes vasoconstriction and thus the venous return and blood volume reaching the heart.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 9

1 / -0

In order to determine the effect of each substance on normal body variables, they were injected intravenously. The results are shown in the table below. Assume that enough time was allowed between injections so that the substances do not interfere with one another.

Variable	Baseline values	Values after injecting substance A	Values after injecting substance B	Values after injecting substance C	Values after injecting substance D
Serum $${ Ca }^{ ++ }$$	2.3mmol/L	2.3mmol/L	3.0mmoL/L	2.3mmol/L	2.3mmol/L
Serum $${ Na }^{ + }$$	135mmol/L	135mmol/L	136mmol/L	135mmol/L	135mmol/L
Serum glucose	5.6mmol/L	3.3mmol/L	5.6mmol/L	7.4mmol/L	5.6mmol/L

Based on the information in Table above, which of the following is most likely substance B?

Calcitonin

Insulin

Parathyroid hormone

Glucagon

Aldosterone

Solution

Homeostasis is the process wherein normal body variables are actively regulated inside a defined environment to remain very near to constant. The regulation of the concentration of sodium (Na+) and calcium ($$Ca^{++}$$) ions in the blood, as well as glucose levels in blood plasma, are examples of Homeostasis. Each of the variables is controlled by a homeostat or regulator which are energy consuming physiological mechanisms of the body. The table given in the question shows the effect of a substance on the normal body variables after an intravenous injection of the same. According to the given data, since injection of substance B tends to increase the concentration of $$Ca^{++}$$, it is a parathyroid hormone.

The plasma ionized calcium ($$Ca^{++}$$) concentration is very tightly controlled by a pair of homeostats- the parathyroid glands and the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands in the case of a fall in the $$Ca^{++}$$ levels.

Question 10
1 / -0

The thymus gland is responsible for maturation of

A
B cell

B
Fibrinogen

C
Pathogen

D
Phagocyte

E
T cell

Solution

The thymus gland is responsible for the selection and maturation of T-lymphocytes. This T-cell processing ensures that the circulating lymphocytes are equipped to fight invading pathogens without damaging the body’s cells. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

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Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 65

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Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 65

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Question 1

Angiotensiongen

Angiotensin II

Coherin

Renin

Solution

Question 2

Elevates potassium level in blood

Lowers calcium level in blood

Elevates calcium level in blood

Has no effect on calcium

Solution

Question 3

Cyclic AMP

$$IP_{3}$$

$$Ca^{++}$$

$$Mg^{++}$$

Solution

Question 4

Iodine deficiency

Pituitary adenoma

Grave's disease

Excessive intake of exogenous thyroxine

Solution

Question 5

Adrenalin

Melatonin

Serotonin

Vasopressin

Solution

Question 6

The effects of drug 2 are longer lasting.

Drug 1 is faster acting than drug 2.

Drug 1 is at its highest concentration upon injection.

Drug 1 and drug 2 have about equal concentrations after four hours.

Drug 2 is highly concentrated within two hours of injection.

Solution

Question 7

Glucagon

Aldosterone

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Insulin

Solution

Question 8

Calcitriol

Aldosterone

Cholecystokinin

Calcitonin

Solution

Question 9

Calcitonin

Insulin

Parathyroid hormone

Glucagon

Aldosterone

Solution

Question 10

B cell

Fibrinogen

Pathogen

Phagocyte

T cell

Solution

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