Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 67

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Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 67

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Question 1
1 / -0

Serotonin is associated with the regulation of

A
Mood

B
Body posture

C
Hormone production

D
None of the above

Solution

The majority of serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the gut, where it is used to regulate intestinal movements. The remaining portion is synthesized by neurons in the CNS, where it performs various functions. It is associated with the regulation of mood, behavior, appetite, sleep.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
Question 2
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Hormones are chemical messengers that travel via the bloodstream and trigger cellular responses in a wide variety of target cells. The diagrams below illustrate the main difference in signaling pathways between steroid and protein hormones.
In both diagrams:
a = hormone
b = cell membrane
c = cytoplasm
d = nucleus

This indicates that the cell signaling pathway of steroid hormones differs from the pathway of protein hormones in the respect that steroids:

A
Initiate a transduction pathway by binding to a receptor in the nucleus and activating transcription. Protein hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm in order to begin transduction, which results in transcription.

B
Bind to a cell membrane receptor, which initiates transduction and ends with the activation of transcription factors in the nucleus. Protein hormones also bind to membrane receptors, but do not initiate transduction.

C
Pass freely through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor on the nuclear membrane, which results in the transcription of a gene. Protein hormones bind to membrane receptors and initiate a transduction pathway, which results in a series of enzyme activations ending in a response in the nucleus.

D
Pass freely through the cell membrane and travel into the nucleus which results in enzyme activation and transcription. Protein hormones bind to membrane receptors and initiate a transduction pathway, which results in a series of enzyme activations, ending in a response in the nucleus.
Solution
1. Steroid hormones are made up of cholesterol while peptide hormones are made up of amino acids.
2. Since the steroid hormones are made of lipids they can easily pass through the plasma membrane and bind to the receptors on the nucleus and effects the DNA transcription.
3. Protein hormones are made of amino acids they bind to the receptors of the plasma membrane of the receptor cell and activate secondary messenger system.
So, the correct answer is D.
Question 3
1 / -0

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that have a direct effect on the body, rather than trigger another gland, are :

A
TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones

B
FH, LSH and progesterone

C
GH, prolactin, and MSH

D
testosterone and estrogen
Solution
GH, prolactin and MSH are not the releasing or inhibitory factors, they have a direct effect on the body,
GH(growth hormone) also called as STH(somatotrophic hormone) induces the formation of IGF and sometomedian, these compounds induces the growth of bones and other organs
$$GH/STH \overset{Induce}\rightarrow IGF+ Sometomedian\rightarrow growth$$
Prolactin also called as lactotrophic hormones induces-
Growth of mammary glands
Synthesis of milk
synthesis of antigonadotrophin
MSH(melanocyte stimulating hormone) is secreted from adenohypophysis and induce metachrosis( changing of color in amphibians).
Question 4
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Select the correct pair of endodermal derivatives.

A
Adrenal medulla, dermis of skin

B
Lungs, thyroid gland

C
Lymphatic vessel, vagina

D
Retina, tonsil

Solution

The adult body is made out of three germ layers- the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The innermost layer is the endoderm. Endoderm derivatives are the organs that have been developed from the endoderm germ layer. It gives rise to the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, parenchyma of thyroid, tonsils, parathyroid, liver, lungs, and pancreas
So, the correct answer is 'Lungs, thyroid gland'
Question 5
1 / -0

Which of the following enzyme is produced in the kidneys?

A
Rennin

B
Renin

C
Uricase

D
Arginase

Solution

Renin is produced in the kidney by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. It participates in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system which maintains the blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. It breaks the angiotensinogen secreted from the liver into a peptide angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further cleaved into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal glands and releases aldosterone which acts on the collecting tubules to absorb more sodium ions which in turn increases the absorption of water and increases the blood volume. It also acts on the CNS to increase water intake by stimulating thirst. So, the correct answer is 'Renin'.
Question 6
1 / -0

Which of the following mechanism involves the vasodilation?

A
ADH

B
Renin-angiotensin

C
ANF

D
None of the above

Solution

ANF(Atrial natriuretic factor) is a protein hormone which is secreted by the atrial wall in response to the high blood volume and high blood pressure into the circulatory blood. ANF causes vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure. ANF mechanism, therefore, acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
So, the correct answer is 'ANF'.
Question 7
1 / -0

Damage to which of these endocrine glands may result in water and electrolyte imbalance?

A
Thymus gland

B
Thyroid gland

C
Adrenal gland

D
Parathyroid gland

Solution

The adrenal gland is an endocrine gland. The hormone aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex. The hormone is responsible for the conservation of sodium and potassium ions. These are the electrolytes which perform major role in maintaining the osmotic balance in the body. The hormone is also involved in the retention of water by reabsorption. If there is any damage to the adrenal gland, there is inadequate secretion of this hormone. this results in an imbalance in the levels of water and electrolytes.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.
Question 8
1 / -0

Thermoregulatory centre or thermostat in the body of homeothermal animals and man is found in

A
Skin

B
Diencephalon

C
Hypothalamus

D
Pituitary

Solution

The hypothalamus of the diencephalon present in the forebrain is called the thermostat of the body because it is responsible for maintaining the temperature of the body through the mechanism of the homeostasis.
A. Skin acts as a ventilator for perspiration.
B. Diencephalon is a big region, in which hypothalamus is present.
C. Hypothalamus is the thermostat of the body.
D. The pituitary gland is associated with the hypothalamus to perform chemical coordination via hormones.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Hypothalamus'
Question 9
1 / -0

The hormone administered by doctors to a pregnant woman to help in childbirth during the time of natural delivery is ________

A
Oestrogen

B
Progesterone

C
Insulin

D
Relaxin

Solution

Relaxin is a hormone that ripens the cervix and helps in its dilation to help facilitate the baby to come out. Hence, the correct answer is option D.
Question 10
1 / -0

The pineal body is considered as

A
An endocrine gland

B
An organ concerned with voluntary actions

C
An organ concerned with vision

D
A vestige of third eye and endocrine gland

Solution

The pineal body is made up of the secretory cells called the pineolocytes. It is attached to the roof of the epithalamus in the diencephalon of the forebrain. During the embryonic development, it is found attached to the brow spot between the eyes of the developing embryo. In some reptiles, the pineal gland is present in the form of the parietal eye or the pineal eye which is photosensitive and is involved in regulating the diurnal cycle. In mammals, it does not form the photosensitive structure but it is involved in the secretion of the hormone called the melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It is degraded during the bright light and accumulates in dim light.
Hence, the correct answer is 'A vestige of third eye and endocrine gland'

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Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 67

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Question 1

Mood

Body posture

Hormone production

None of the above

Solution

Question 2

Initiate a transduction pathway by binding to a receptor in the nucleus and activating transcription. Protein hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm in order to begin transduction, which results in transcription.

Bind to a cell membrane receptor, which initiates transduction and ends with the activation of transcription factors in the nucleus. Protein hormones also bind to membrane receptors, but do not initiate transduction.

Pass freely through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor on the nuclear membrane, which results in the transcription of a gene. Protein hormones bind to membrane receptors and initiate a transduction pathway, which results in a series of enzyme activations ending in a response in the nucleus.

Pass freely through the cell membrane and travel into the nucleus which results in enzyme activation and transcription. Protein hormones bind to membrane receptors and initiate a transduction pathway, which results in a series of enzyme activations, ending in a response in the nucleus.

Solution

Question 3

TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones

FH, LSH and progesterone

GH, prolactin, and MSH

testosterone and estrogen

Solution

Question 4

Adrenal medulla, dermis of skin

Lungs, thyroid gland

Lymphatic vessel, vagina

Retina, tonsil

Solution

Question 5

Rennin

Renin

Uricase

Arginase

Solution

Question 6

ADH

Renin-angiotensin

ANF

None of the above

Solution

Question 7

Thymus gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Parathyroid gland

Solution

Question 8

Skin

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Solution

Question 9

Oestrogen

Progesterone

Insulin

Relaxin

Solution

Question 10

An endocrine gland

An organ concerned with voluntary actions

An organ concerned with vision

A vestige of third eye and endocrine gland

Solution

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