Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques Test - 4

Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different functional groups are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is termed as functional group isomerism. For example, the molecular formula C₃H₆O represents both a ketone and aldehyde:CH₃COCH₃andCH₃CH₂CHO

The hybridisation of the C in CH₃(all are single bonds) is sp³ and that of C of  > C = O(double bond) bond is ​​sp²

The Carius method in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of halogens in organic substances. It involves heating a known mass of an organic compound with fuming nitric acid in the presence of silver nitrate contained in a hard glass tube known as carius tube, in a furnace. The halogen present forms the corresponding silver halide (AgX). It is filtered, washed, dried and weighed.

It is used in the estimation of Halogen and Sulphur. For estimation of sulphur a known mass of an organic compound is heated in a hard glass tube called Carius tube with sodium peroxide or fuming nitric acid. For estimation of halogen a known mass of an organic compound is heated with fuming nitric acid in the presence of silver nitrate contained in Carius tube, in a furnace.

-CONH₂ is amide functional group. Amides  are formed by conversion of a carboxylic acid into ammonium salt and then heating it.

Heterolytic cleavage produces carbonium ion and carbanion. In heterolytic cleavage, the bond breaks in such a fashion that the shared pair of
electrons remains with one of the fragments. After heterolysis, one atom has a sextet electronic structure and a positive charge and the other, a valence octet with at least one lone pair and a negative charge. A species having a carbon atom possessing sextext of electrons and a positive charge is called a carbocation (earlier called carbonium ion). There is also a carbon species carrying a negative charge on carbon atom which gets the unshared pair of electrons which is called carbanion.

Greater is the s character of the hybridised orbital, greater is the electronegativity of the atom. In a triply bonded C, there is sp hybridisation. In sp hybridization, the atom has maximum s character (50%). So in this case the carbon with a triple bond has maximum electronegativity.