Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques Test - 7

In this reaction, formation of secondary carbocation takes place by the addition of H⁺ to terminal carbon of carbon-carbon double bond among the two possible carbon atoms. The more stable secondary carbocation formation will take place instead of primary carbocation.

Polarisation of σ-bond caused by the polarisation of adjacent σ-bond is referred to as the inductive effect. This effect is passed on to the subsequent bonds also but the effect decreases rapidly as the number of intervening bonds increases and becomes vanishingly small after three bonds. The inductive effect is related to the ability of substituent(s) to either withdraw or donate electron density to the attached carbon atom.

The sodium fusion extract is acidified with nitric acid and then treated with silver nitrate. A white precipitate, soluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of chlorine, a yellowish precipitate, sparingly soluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of bromine and a yellow precipitate, insoluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of iodine. If instead of nitric acid, sulphuric acid is used then white precipitate of Ag₂SO₄ is formed.

Delocalisation of σ electrons of C -H bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital is known as Hyperconjugation. It is a general stabilising interaction. The σ electrons of C—H bond of the alkyl group enter into partial conjugation with the attached unsaturated system or with the unshared p orbital. It is a permanent effect

Kjeldahl method is not applicable to compounds containing nitrogen in nitro and azo groups and nitrogen present in the ring (e.g. pyridine) as nitrogen of these compounds does not change to ammonium sulphate under these conditions. So it is not used to estimate Nitrogen in DNA and RNA.

I₂O₅ is used. A definite mass of an organic compound is decomposed by heating in a stream of nitrogen gas. The mixture of gaseous products containing oxygen is passed over red-hot coke when all the oxygen is converted to carbon monoxide. This mixture is passed through warm iodine pentoxide when carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide producing iodine.