Judiciary - Constitutional, Civil, Criminal Courts and Processes Test 39

Seema is an international wrestler and a member of the Mahabali Akhada in Thane, Maharashtra. The Mahabali Akhada has strict rules against doping and also on possession of Prohibited Substances. It had circulated to each of its members, a list of Prohibited Substances, including the substance Dexamethasone. On Tuesday, Seema caught a severe cold and her doctor prescribed her a cough syrup, Cofdex. Acting on her doctors advice, Seema requested her driver to get Cofdex from the local pharmacy. Naina, who happens to be a rival of Seema and also a member of the Mahabali Akhada, saw Seemas driver purchasing Cofdex from the pharmacy. Naina knew that Cofdex contains Dexamethasone and, on the same day, made an anonymous complaint to the Mahabali Akhada that Seema is in constructive possession of a Prohibited Substance. The next day, Seema took one dose of Cofdex and then checked the ingredients of the medicine. She found out that it contains Dexamethasone. She immediately reported to the Anti-Doping Wing of Mahabali Akhada that she came in possession of the cough syrup and intends to surrender it since it contains Dexamethasone. On Thursday, the Anti-Doping Wing of the Mahabali Akhada requested Seema for her urine samples, which tested positive for the presence of Dexamethasone. 
The Mahabali Akahadas Anti-Doping Code on Possession of Prohibited Substances states the following: The actual, physical or constructive possession of a Prohibited Substance amounts to a violation of this Anti-Doping Code; provided, however, constructive possession shall only be found if the person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance and exercised control to acquire possession of it. Provided, however, there shall be no violation of this Anti-Doping Code on Possession of Prohibited Substances, if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, the person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the person never intended to have possession of the Prohibited Substance and has renounced its possession by explicitly declaring it to the Anti-Doping Wing of Mahabali Akhada. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this definition, the purchase (including by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited Substance constitutes possession by the Person who makes the purchase.

Due to the rise in popularity of drones, the Government announces a policy for regulating the use of drones. A spokesperson for the Government says that the operation of drones for commercial purposes will require a permit under law, except for those in the Nano category flown below a height of 50 feet and those in the Micro category flown below a height of 200 feet. (Nano: weight of less than or equal to 250 grams. Micro: weight between 250 grams and 2 kg.). He adds, however, that there will be certain No Drone Zones such as areas near airports, international borders, strategic locations, and military installations where operating drones will not be allowed. He also mentions that the remote pilot of a drone shall ensure that there is no trespass into private property and the privacy of a third party is not compromised in any manner and that trespass would include drones entering the private property of a person without being authorised to do so.
Drone Boyz Co is a company that specialises in photography including photography with the use of Nano drones. Drone Boyz Co does not have any permit to operate drones. Mehek entered into an agreement with Drone Boyz Co to have her birthday party photographed. At the time of entering into the contract, the venue of Meheks birthday party was supposed to be her farmhouse on the outskirts of the city. However, due to a large number of her friends finding it inconvenient to travel till there, Mehek shifted the venue of the birthday party to her uncles bungalow adjoining the city airport a few hours before the scheduled time of the party. Drone Boyz Co assigned one of its employees, Rajat, to do the photography using drones. Rajat used a drone weighing 179 grams to do the photography of the event. However, the app on his phone with which the drone is controlled crashed and the drone ended up next to Robin, who lived in the neighbourhood. Robin saw the camera on a drone flash outside his bedroom and seeing that an unauthorised drone had entered into his property, Robin decided to disable and crush the drone and threw it into the air about 55 feet high and 35 feet away.

A student of mathematics at Delhi University can now choose to simultaneously pursue any other degreecourse, say English Literature from IGNOU or any other institution.In a move to improve their career prospects, the University Grants Commission (the "UGC") has approved aproposal to allow students to pursue two degree programmes at the same time. One of the degrees has to bein the regular (that is, non-distance or online) mode and the other either in distance learning or online mode.However, this does not mean that a student can enrol in a Masters, Doctorate, or other advanced programmes before completing their undergraduate programme. A student can pursue two degrees in different streams as well as from different institutions. They may also opt for the same institution, provided it offers multiple modes of learning. As per the UGC, since there is a minimum attendance criterion attached to regular degree programmes, the second degree has to be through distance or online mode.

Due to the rise in popularity of drones, the Government announces a policy for regulating the use of drones. A spokesperson for the Government says that the operation of drones for commercial purposes will require a permit under law, except for those in the Nano category flown below a height of 50 feet and those in the Micro category flown below a height of 200 feet. (Nano: weight of less than or equal to 250 grams. Micro: weight between 250 grams and 2 kg.). He adds, however, that there will be certain No Drone Zones such as areas near airports, international borders, strategic locations, and military installations where operating drones will not be allowed. He also mentions that the remote pilot of a drone shall ensure that there is no trespass into private property and the privacy of a third party is not compromised in any manner and that trespass would include drones entering the private property of a person without being authorised to do so.
Drone Boyz Co is a company that specialises in photography including photography with the use of Nano drones. Drone Boyz Co does not have any permit to operate drones. Mehek entered into an agreement with Drone Boyz Co to have her birthday party photographed. At the time of entering into the contract, the venue of Meheks birthday party was supposed to be her farmhouse on the outskirts of the city. However, due to a large number of her friends finding it inconvenient to travel till there, Mehek shifted the venue of the birthday party to her uncles bungalow adjoining the city airport a few hours before the scheduled time of the party. Drone Boyz Co assigned one of its employees, Rajat, to do the photography using drones. Rajat used a drone weighing 179 grams to do the photography of the event. However, the app on his phone with which the drone is controlled crashed and the drone ended up next to Robin, who lived in the neighbourhood. Robin saw the camera on a drone flash outside his bedroom and seeing that an unauthorised drone had entered into his property, Robin decided to disable and crush the drone and threw it into the air about 55 feet high and 35 feet away.

The law on prevention of cruelty to animals makes it an offence if a person does any of the following:

• Beats, kicks, overrides, or tortures an animal or, being the owner, knowingly permits, any animal to be so treated (Type 1 Offence);
• Fails to provide any animal with sufficient food, drink, or shelter being the owner of such animal (Type 2 Offence);
• Without reasonable cause, abandons any animal in circumstances which render it likely to suffer pain, starvation, or thirst (Type 3 Offence);
• Solely with a view to providing entertainment incites any animal to fight or bait any other animal (Type 4 Offence)

Exception for Experiments - The law, however, makes an exception to the above offences by stating that it is not unlawful to perform experiments (including experiments involving operations) on animals for the purpose of advancement by new discovery of knowledge which will be useful for saving or for prolonging life or alleviating suffering or for combating any disease, whether of human beings, animals or plants.
Ameena leaves her pup with her friend Nisha and requests Nisha to take good care of the pup until she returns from a 10-day business trip that she cannot avoid. Ameena mentions that she would pay Nisha for the food and any other expense that Nisha incurs in taking care of the pet. Ameena also asks Nisha to promise that she would call her if there was any problem with the pup, and Nisha agrees. Nisha takes the pup to the beach on a walk without letting Ameena know and feeds him a large family-pack of ice-cream. This causes the pup to have a gastrointestinal upset and he starts to growl - attracting the attention of several aggressive stray dogs in the vicinity eager to attack the pup. To punish the pup for his misbehaviour despite feeding him her favourite ice-cream, Nisha abandons the pup at the beach and takes a rickshaw back to her house. Soon after, the bigger stray dogs surround and attack the pup. A passer-by who sees this, urges and exhorts the pup to stand up for himself and fight the bigger dogs. The children playing cricket on the beach find this entertaining and line up to watch the fight. Meanwhile, Aaron, who is meditating at the beach, gets disturbed by the commotion created by the dogs and decides to stuff large stones in the mouths of the dogs to prevent them from barking. Many of the dogs, unable to get the stones out, die of starvation.

The law on prevention of cruelty to animals makes it an offence if a person does any of the following:

• Beats, kicks, overrides, or tortures an animal or, being the owner, knowingly permits, any animal to be so treated (Type 1 Offence);
• Fails to provide any animal with sufficient food, drink, or shelter being the owner of such animal (Type 2 Offence);
• Without reasonable cause, abandons any animal in circumstances which render it likely to suffer pain, starvation, or thirst (Type 3 Offence);
• Solely with a view to providing entertainment incites any animal to fight or bait any other animal (Type 4 Offence)

Exception for Experiments - The law, however, makes an exception to the above offences by stating that it is not unlawful to perform experiments (including experiments involving operations) on animals for the purpose of advancement by new discovery of knowledge which will be useful for saving or for prolonging life or alleviating suffering or for combating any disease, whether of human beings, animals or plants.
Ameena leaves her pup with her friend Nisha and requests Nisha to take good care of the pup until she returns from a 10-day business trip that she cannot avoid. Ameena mentions that she would pay Nisha for the food and any other expense that Nisha incurs in taking care of the pet. Ameena also asks Nisha to promise that she would call her if there was any problem with the pup, and Nisha agrees. Nisha takes the pup to the beach on a walk without letting Ameena know and feeds him a large family-pack of ice-cream. This causes the pup to have a gastrointestinal upset and he starts to growl - attracting the attention of several aggressive stray dogs in the vicinity eager to attack the pup. To punish the pup for his misbehaviour despite feeding him her favourite ice-cream, Nisha abandons the pup at the beach and takes a rickshaw back to her house. Soon after, the bigger stray dogs surround and attack the pup. A passer-by who sees this, urges and exhorts the pup to stand up for himself and fight the bigger dogs. The children playing cricket on the beach find this entertaining and line up to watch the fight. Meanwhile, Aaron, who is meditating at the beach, gets disturbed by the commotion created by the dogs and decides to stuff large stones in the mouths of the dogs to prevent them from barking. Many of the dogs, unable to get the stones out, die of starvation.

Due to the rise in popularity of drones, the Government announces a policy for regulating the use of drones. A spokesperson for the Government says that the operation of drones for commercial purposes will require a permit under law, except for those in the Nano category flown below a height of 50 feet and those in the Micro category flown below a height of 200 feet. (Nano: weight of less than or equal to 250 grams. Micro: weight between 250 grams and 2 kg.). He adds, however, that there will be certain No Drone Zones such as areas near airports, international borders, strategic locations, and military installations where operating drones will not be allowed. He also mentions that the remote pilot of a drone shall ensure that there is no trespass into private property and the privacy of a third party is not compromised in any manner and that trespass would include drones entering the private property of a person without being authorised to do so.
Drone Boyz Co is a company that specialises in photography including photography with the use of Nano drones. Drone Boyz Co does not have any permit to operate drones. Mehek entered into an agreement with Drone Boyz Co to have her birthday party photographed. At the time of entering into the contract, the venue of Meheks birthday party was supposed to be her farmhouse on the outskirts of the city. However, due to a large number of her friends finding it inconvenient to travel till there, Mehek shifted the venue of the birthday party to her uncles bungalow adjoining the city airport a few hours before the scheduled time of the party. Drone Boyz Co assigned one of its employees, Rajat, to do the photography using drones. Rajat used a drone weighing 179 grams to do the photography of the event. However, the app on his phone with which the drone is controlled crashed and the drone ended up next to Robin, who lived in the neighbourhood. Robin saw the camera on a drone flash outside his bedroom and seeing that an unauthorised drone had entered into his property, Robin decided to disable and crush the drone and threw it into the air about 55 feet high and 35 feet away.

Due to the rise in popularity of drones, the Government announces a policy for regulating the use of drones. A spokesperson for the Government says that the operation of drones for commercial purposes will require a permit under law, except for those in the Nano category flown below a height of 50 feet and those in the Micro category flown below a height of 200 feet. (Nano: weight of less than or equal to 250 grams. Micro: weight between 250 grams and 2 kg.). He adds, however, that there will be certain No Drone Zones such as areas near airports, international borders, strategic locations, and military installations where operating drones will not be allowed. He also mentions that the remote pilot of a drone shall ensure that there is no trespass into private property and the privacy of a third party is not compromised in any manner and that trespass would include drones entering the private property of a person without being authorised to do so.
Drone Boyz Co is a company that specialises in photography including photography with the use of Nano drones. Drone Boyz Co does not have any permit to operate drones. Mehek entered into an agreement with Drone Boyz Co to have her birthday party photographed. At the time of entering into the contract, the venue of Meheks birthday party was supposed to be her farmhouse on the outskirts of the city. However, due to a large number of her friends finding it inconvenient to travel till there, Mehek shifted the venue of the birthday party to her uncles bungalow adjoining the city airport a few hours before the scheduled time of the party. Drone Boyz Co assigned one of its employees, Rajat, to do the photography using drones. Rajat used a drone weighing 179 grams to do the photography of the event. However, the app on his phone with which the drone is controlled crashed and the drone ended up next to Robin, who lived in the neighbourhood. Robin saw the camera on a drone flash outside his bedroom and seeing that an unauthorised drone had entered into his property, Robin decided to disable and crush the drone and threw it into the air about 55 feet high and 35 feet away.

Seema is an international wrestler and a member of the Mahabali Akhada in Thane, Maharashtra. The Mahabali Akhada has strict rules against doping and also on possession of Prohibited Substances. It had circulated to each of its members, a list of Prohibited Substances, including the substance Dexamethasone. On Tuesday, Seema caught a severe cold and her doctor prescribed her a cough syrup, Cofdex. Acting on her doctors advice, Seema requested her driver to get Cofdex from the local pharmacy. Naina, who happens to be a rival of Seema and also a member of the Mahabali Akhada, saw Seemas driver purchasing Cofdex from the pharmacy. Naina knew that Cofdex contains Dexamethasone and, on the same day, made an anonymous complaint to the Mahabali Akhada that Seema is in constructive possession of a Prohibited Substance. The next day, Seema took one dose of Cofdex and then checked the ingredients of the medicine. She found out that it contains Dexamethasone. She immediately reported to the Anti-Doping Wing of Mahabali Akhada that she came in possession of the cough syrup and intends to surrender it since it contains Dexamethasone. On Thursday, the Anti-Doping Wing of the Mahabali Akhada requested Seema for her urine samples, which tested positive for the presence of Dexamethasone. 
The Mahabali Akahadas Anti-Doping Code on Possession of Prohibited Substances states the following: The actual, physical or constructive possession of a Prohibited Substance amounts to a violation of this Anti-Doping Code; provided, however, constructive possession shall only be found if the person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance and exercised control to acquire possession of it. Provided, however, there shall be no violation of this Anti-Doping Code on Possession of Prohibited Substances, if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, the person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the person never intended to have possession of the Prohibited Substance and has renounced its possession by explicitly declaring it to the Anti-Doping Wing of Mahabali Akhada. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this definition, the purchase (including by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited Substance constitutes possession by the Person who makes the purchase.